{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:01:07Z","timestamp":1790830867604,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nursing"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to review the current status of applications of the Dual Process Model (DPM) in end-of-life and bereavement interventions, and to provide a reference for the design of future DPM-based end-of-life and bereavement interventions and continuous support.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scoping review methodology and following the PRISMA-ScR reporting guidelines, we systematically searched Chinese and English databases for studies on the application of DPM in end-of-life and bereavement interventions. The included studies were charted and narratively synthesized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 17 studies were included. Existing research has primarily focused on bereavement adjustment after death, with a small number of studies addressing anticipatory grief among family members of terminally ill patients and continuous support before and after death. The scope of research has gradually expanded from individuals who have lost a spouse or partner to include those experiencing complicated or prolonged grief, family members of terminally ill patients, those who have lost loved ones to cancer, those who have lost loved ones in disasters or pandemics, and refugees, among other groups. DPM applications primarily fall into three areas: process identification and analysis, intervention structure design, and theoretical integration. Intervention content shows a dual emphasis on loss-oriented and restoration-oriented processes. Outcome measures tend to focus more on psychological indicators such as grief, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress, while paying relatively less attention to process-oriented indicators emphasized by DPM, such as the oscillation process, life reconstruction, and dynamic regulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DPM offers an important theoretical perspective for understanding the dual needs of coping with loss and resuming life in end-of-life care and bereavement. Existing studies indicate that DPM has been applied to various bereaved populations and intervention settings. However, its application during the end-of-life stage remains limited, and the oscillation process has not been sufficiently operationalized. Future research should further clarify how DPM guides intervention development, implementation adjustment, and outcome evaluation. Digital delivery and cultural adaptation should also be integrated to build continuous end-of-life and bereavement support across the transition before and after death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/HF7Q2<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1943201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:50:59Z","timestamp":1790830259000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of the dual process model in end-of-life and bereavement interventions: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangkun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital \/ Shanxi Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Neijiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Global Health estimates 2021: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000\u20132021","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)02314-x","article-title":"Report of the lancet commission on the value of death: bringing death back into life","volume":"399","author":"Sallnow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(25)01917-8","article-title":"Global burden of 292 causes of death in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023 [J]","volume":"406","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e270","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-2667(24)00030-6","article-title":"Investing in bereavement care as a public health priority","volume":"9","author":"Lichtenthal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541783","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1541783","article-title":"Bereavement support guidelines for caregivers in palliative care: a scoping review","volume":"16","author":"Coelho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1177\/02692163221074540","article-title":"An examination and proposed definitions of family members' grief prior to the death of individuals with a life-limiting illness: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Singer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(25)00354-x","article-title":"Prolonged grief disorder","volume":"405","author":"Killikelly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2023.102375","article-title":"Risk factors for prolonged grief symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Buur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.01.094","article-title":"Cross-national analysis of the prevalence of prolonged grief disorder","volume":"350","author":"Comtesse","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674231154206","article-title":"Prolonged grief disorder in ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR: challenges and controversies","volume":"57","author":"Eisma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.4201","article-title":"Prolonged grief disorder diagnostic criteria-helping those with maladaptive grief responses","volume":"79","author":"Prigerson","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302228251315502","DOI":"10.1177\/00302228251315502","article-title":"A systematic review of international bereavement models of care and implementation barriers and facilitators","author":"Bartley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Omega (Westport)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2020.1728426","article-title":"Resolving anticipatory grief and enhancing dignity at the end-of life: a systematic review of palliative interventions","volume":"46","author":"Patinadan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Death Stud"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4682","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.70193","article-title":"Family bereavement support interventions in specialist adult palliative care: a rapid mixed-methods systematic review","volume":"82","author":"Schwalbach","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/074811899201046","article-title":"The dual process model of coping with bereavement: rationale and description","volume":"23","author":"Stroebe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Death Stud"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2190\/OM.61.4.b","article-title":"The dual process model of coping with bereavement: a decade on","volume":"61","author":"Stroebe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Omega (Westport)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.7.716","article-title":"An empirical examination of the stage theory of grief","volume":"297","author":"Maciejewski","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2018.1456620","article-title":"Meaning reconstruction in bereavement: development of a research program","volume":"43","author":"Neimeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Death Stud"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.57.3.349","article-title":"The myths of coping with loss","volume":"57","author":"Wortman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020517","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1020517","article-title":"Effect of caregiver burden on anticipatory grief among caregivers of elderly cancer patients: chain mediation role of family functioning and resilience","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1177\/0030222819893139","article-title":"A systematic review of the dual process model of coping with bereavement (1999-2016)","volume":"84","author":"Fiore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Omega (Westport)"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2024.2355244","article-title":"Lived experience and the dual process model of coping with bereavement: a participatory research study","volume":"49","author":"Larsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Death Stud"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2190\/OM.61.4.d","article-title":"Loss and restoration in later life: an examination of dual process model of coping with bereavement","volume":"61","author":"Bennett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Omega (Westport)"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2024.104705","article-title":"A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: update of Medical Research Council guidance","volume":"154","author":"Skivington","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x","article-title":"Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach","volume":"18","author":"Munn","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/xeb.0000000000000277","article-title":"Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews","volume":"19","author":"Peters","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBI Evid Implement"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/m18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2190\/OM.61.4.c","article-title":"Experiences and early coping of bereaved spouses\/partners in an intervention based on the dual process model (dpm)","volume":"61","author":"Lund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Omega (Westport)"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"32","article-title":"An evaluation of the living after loss intervention - part 1: do bereavement-related outcomes vary by the content of support groups?","volume":"16","author":"Utz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Grief Matters"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2012.738767","article-title":"Coping processes among bereaved spouses","volume":"38","author":"Caserta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Death Stud"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1242","article-title":"Treatment of complicated grief in elderly persons: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"71","author":"Shear","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1017\/s1478951513001235","article-title":"\"it is the 'starting over' part that is so hard\": using an online group to support hospice bereavement","volume":"13","author":"Wittenberg-Lyles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Palliat Support Care"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/0030222815575895","article-title":"One size doesn't fit all-partners in hospice care, an individualized approach to bereavement intervention","volume":"73","author":"Caserta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejon.2016.01.003","article-title":"Developing and pilot-testing a finding balance intervention for older adult bereaved family caregivers: a randomized feasibility trial","volume":"21","author":"Holtslander","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Oncol Nurs"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gny095","article-title":"Dual-process bereavement group intervention (DPBGI) for widowed older adults","volume":"59","author":"Chow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-021-00752-z","article-title":"Development and evaluation of the good grief program for young people bereaved by familial cancer","volume":"20","author":"Patterson","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12167","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12167","article-title":"Pre-loss group therapy for dementia family care partners at risk for complicated grief","volume":"7","author":"Supiano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (N Y)"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1177\/00302228221083067","article-title":"Psychosocial intervention on the dual-process model for a group of COVID-19 bereaved individuals in Wuhan: a pilot study","volume":"89","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Omega-J Death Dying"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57294","DOI":"10.2196\/57294","article-title":"A French-language web-based intervention targeting prolonged grief symptoms in people who are bereaved and separated: randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Debrot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jmir Formative Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2484872","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2025.2484872","article-title":"Acceptability and feasibility of an internet-based intervention for bereaved Chinese with prolonged grief: a mixed methods study","volume":"16","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70143","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.70143","article-title":"Storytelling through music with parents whose children have died from cancer: a randomized controlled feasibility trial","volume":"34","author":"Phillips","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncology"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0002018","article-title":"Confucian-based dual process bereavement group intervention (C-DPBGI) for bereaved survivors of the earthquake","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-025-01778-8","article-title":"The effectiveness of online thematic expressive writing on prolonged grief disorder, anxiety, depression, and positive mental health among refugees in the transition stage of asylum seeking","volume":"28","author":"Dababneh","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2651656","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2026.2651656","article-title":"Grief modular group therapy: theoretical bases and pilot study of a new bereavement intervention programme in China","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0121101","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121101","article-title":"Who needs bereavement support? A population based survey of bereavement risk and support need","volume":"10","author":"Aoun","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1089\/pmr.2020.0033","article-title":"Intensity of Predeath grief and Postdeath grief of family caregivers in palliative Care in Relation to preparedness for caregiving, caregiver burden, and social support","volume":"1","author":"Axelsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Palliat Med Rep"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2023.0160","article-title":"Interventions for family caregivers of patients receiving palliative\/hospice Care at Home: a scoping review","volume":"27","author":"Alshakhs","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2022.2099545","article-title":"Looking back and moving forward: dimensions of coping flexibility divergently predict long-term bereavement outcomes","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46403-6","article-title":"Influence of loss- and restoration-oriented stressors on grief in times of COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Palm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kay078","article-title":"Behavior change techniques and their mechanisms of action: a synthesis of links described in published intervention literature","volume":"53","author":"Carey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2020.04.004","article-title":"Emotion regulatory strategies in complicated grief: a systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Eisma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2021.1909769","article-title":"Change in avoidance and negative grief-related cognitions mediates treatment outcome in older adults with prolonged grief disorder","volume":"32","author":"Lechner-Meichsner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychother Res"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2021.1957849","article-title":"Restoration-oriented stressors of bereavement","volume":"35","author":"Eisma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.23061","article-title":"Bidirectional associations between prolonged grief symptoms and depressive, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Janshen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/02692163241285101","article-title":"A rapid review of the evidence for online interventions for bereavement support","volume":"39","author":"Finucane","year":"2025","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-025-01679-5","article-title":"The effectiveness of web-based grief intervention for adults who lost a loved one: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1177\/14713012231192360","article-title":"Frameworks for cultural adaptation of psychosocial interventions: a systematic review with narrative synthesis","volume":"22","author":"Day","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dementia (London)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1943201\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:51:06Z","timestamp":1790830266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1943201\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1943201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1943201","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"article-number":"1943201"}}