{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:55:04Z","timestamp":1791266104762,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Dyslipidemia is an important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and growing evidence suggests that long-term ambient air pollution exposure may adversely affect lipid metabolism. However, longitudinal evidence from heavily industrialized regions with complex multipollutant exposure remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We conducted a repeated-measures study of 9,040 adults with 19,113 lipid measurements from a health-screening program in Shanxi Province, China, between October 2019 and September 2023. Three-year average exposures to PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n , PM\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n , O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n , SO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , NO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , and CO were estimated using the high-resolution ChinaHighAirPollutants (CHAP) dataset based on geocoded residential addresses. Linear mixed-effects models and generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate associations with lipid profiles and dyslipidemia, respectively. Restricted cubic spline, stratified, sensitivity, and quantile g-computation-style mixed-effects analyses were further conducted.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Higher long-term exposure to PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n , PM\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n , O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n , NO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , and SO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n was associated with higher triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, whereas CO showed weaker associations. Among pollutants, PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n showed relatively pronounced associations; each 10\u202f\u03bcg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n increase was associated with 1.85, 1.70, and 1.81% increases in TG, TC, and LDL-C, respectively, and a 1.55% decrease in HDL-C. Similar patterns were observed for dyslipidemia. Stratified analyses suggested potential effect modification by sex, age, and BMI for selected pollutant-lipid associations, with the most robust interaction signals observed for age-stratified HDL-C associations after false discovery rate (FDR) correction. The associations remained consistent in sensitivity analyses. Restricted cubic spline analyses suggested nonlinear exposure-response relationships between PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n and lipid parameters, while the quantile g-computation-style mixed-effects analysis indicated that multipollutant exposure was associated with adverse lipid profiles, with PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n and O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n showing relatively large weights in the overall mixed-exposure association.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Long-term ambient air pollution exposure was associated with adverse lipid profiles and may be related to higher odds of dyslipidemia among adults in a heavily industrialized region of northern China. These findings suggest that ambient air pollution may be an important environmental factor associated with lipid metabolism and highlight the need to consider long-term multipollutant exposure in cardiometabolic health research and prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1950282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:21:57Z","timestamp":1791264117000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and lipid profiles: a longitudinal study in a heavily industrialized region of northern China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Caiyun","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanjia","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yulin Meteorological Bureau","place":["Yulin, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Meteorology and Health, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Meteorological Science and Technology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.09.1592","article-title":"LDL-C-related cardiovascular burden in China 2010 to 2030","volume":"87","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186330","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1186330","article-title":"Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults: a systematic 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