{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:55:30Z","timestamp":1791262530667,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR205265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR205265"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR206772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR206772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to explore young people's knowledge and attitudes around illicit drug use, its prevention, and the barriers and facilitators to accessing support, with the aim of informing the development of preventative interventions that resonate with young people and address their specific needs and concerns. By drawing on these insights, interventions can be tailored to be more engaging, relevant and impactful for young people.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A qualitative approach was used to analyse data collected from focus groups and interviews with young people (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 97) in the United Kingdom, living in areas of socioeconomic disadvantage. Questions focused on the knowledge of young people around substances, the sort of substance use prevention education, or interventions, they would see as beneficial, and the obstacles and facilitators to accessing support for issues around substance use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that prevention strategies which are likely to appeal to young people should provide non-stigmatizing, harm-reduction approaches to prevention education, which are provided as early as possible. Interventions should provide the skills to enable autonomous decision making, consider including parents\/families in education and include trusted sources of support such as those with experience and knowledge of substance use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study informs the development of preventative interventions for young people by providing insight around the knowledge and views of young people in the United Kingdom. It highlights the importance of taking a multifaceted approach to prevention that considers individual, social, and systemic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1951002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:26:31Z","timestamp":1791260791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adolescent attitudes to illicit drug use, education and support: a qualitative study in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chris","family":"Retzler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Psychological Sciences, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield","place":["Huddersfield, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aqsa","family":"Naser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South West Yorkshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust","place":["Wakefield, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South West Yorkshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust","place":["Wakefield, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osahon","family":"Ogbeiwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, University of Medical Sciences","place":["Ondo, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"McCluskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, Kirklees Council","place":["Huddersfield, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, Kirklees Council","place":["Huddersfield, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Psychological Sciences, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield","place":["Huddersfield, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"South West Yorkshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust","place":["Wakefield, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"GOV\n          \n          Review of Drugs Part Two: Prevention, Treatment, And Recovery. Independent Report. London: Department of Health and Social Care. Independent review of drugs by Professor Dame Carol Black\n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"A Whole-System Response To Drug Prevention In The UK (Accessible)\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD003020","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003020.pub3","article-title":"Universal school-based prevention for illicit drug use","volume":"12","author":"Faggiano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-023-00582-7","article-title":"Engaging youth as leaders and partners can improve substance use prevention: a call to action to support youth engagement practice and research","volume":"18","author":"Ballard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.13378","article-title":"Barriers and enablers for adolescents accessing substance-use treatment: a systematic review and narrative synthesis","volume":"33","author":"James","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1177\/003803850203600408","article-title":"The normalization of \u2018sensible' recreational drug use: further evidence from the North West England Longitudinal Study","volume":"36","author":"Parker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sociology."},{"key":"B7","unstructured":""},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2020.1771285","article-title":"\u201cSome of us need to be taken care of\u201d: young adults' perspectives on support and help in drug reducing interventions in coercive contexts in Denmark and the UK","volume":"28","author":"Frank","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170794","article-title":"A Qualitative Study of the context of child and adolescent substance use initiation and patterns of use in the first year for early and later initiators","author":"Kingston","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2016.1176991","article-title":"Chillin, buzzin, getting mangled, and coming down: doing differentiated normalisation in risk environments","volume":"23","author":"O'Gorman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.18043\/ncm.81.2.130","article-title":"Substance use and misuse among youth","volume":"81","author":"Curtin","year":"2020","journal-title":"N C Med J."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-024-00917-6","article-title":"Metaphoric interventions for challenging irrational thoughts and attitudes in substance use disorders","volume":"60","author":"Mohamed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.95812259.x","article-title":"Experience and knowledge of young people regarding illicit drug use, 1969\u201399","volume":"95","author":"Wright","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/16066350942000193202","article-title":"Youth help-seeking expectancies and their relation to help-seeking behaviours for substance use problems","volume":"12","author":"Ballon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addict Res Theory."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839917691944","article-title":"Perceived barriers and enablers of help-seeking for substance use problems during adolescence","volume":"19","author":"Berridge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Promot Pract."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1091548","article-title":"What is Gillick competence?","volume":"12","author":"Griffith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6892-0","article-title":"Poly-substance use and sexual risk behaviours: a cross-sectional comparison of adolescents in mainstream and alternative education settings","volume":"19","author":"Henderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02149.x","article-title":"Sexual orientation and adolescent substance use: a meta-analysis and methodological review","volume":"103","author":"Marshal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addict Abingdon Engl."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/104515951002100305","article-title":"Breaking the ice: using ice-breakers and re-energizers with adult learners","volume":"21","author":"Chlup","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adult Learn."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol."},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research","author":"Kemmis","year":"2013"},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"Rowland\n              J\n            \n            \n              Wills\n              E\n            \n            \n              Ott\n              E\n            \n          \n          Youth Participatory Research: A Review of Reviews and Practice Guidance [Internet]\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcy153","article-title":"Epidemiology of adolescent substance use in Norfolk schools","volume":"111","author":"Roderick","year":"2018","journal-title":"QJM Int J Med."},{"key":"B24","unstructured":"PSHE\n              Association\n            \n          \n          PSHE Association | Charity and membership body for PSHE education [Internet]"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/09637214251313733","article-title":"More than just a phase: adolescence as a window into how the brain generates behavior","volume":"34","author":"Insel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-018-0891-9","article-title":"Modeling trajectories of sensation seeking and impulsivity dimensions from early to late adolescence: universal trends or distinct sub-groups?","volume":"47","author":"Khurana","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894-019-00130-0","article-title":"Peer influence and adolescent substance use: a systematic review of dynamic social network research","volume":"6","author":"Henneberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adolesc Res Rev."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8403024","article-title":"Sensation seeking, peer influence and risk-taking behavior in adolescents","author":"Siraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educ Res Int."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2020.172969","article-title":"A review of psychosocial factors linked to adolescent substance use","volume":"196","author":"Trucco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2022-0090","article-title":"How are young people's mental health related to their sexual health and substance use? A systematic review of UK literature","volume":"35","author":"Harmanci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Adolesc Med Health."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00298","article-title":"Adolescent substance use and the brain: behavioral, cognitive and neuroimaging correlates","volume":"14","author":"Hamidullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612494","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1612494","article-title":"Scoping review of biological and psychosocial pathways that lead from childhood adversity to early-onset substance use","volume":"16","author":"Ram\u00edrez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2003.00620.x","article-title":"Harm minimization in school drug education: final results of the school health and alcohol harm reduction project (SHAHRP)","volume":"99","author":"McBride","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addict Abingdon Engl."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15761\/MHAR.1000202","article-title":"Parental support and monitoring influences on adolescent alcohol use: a peer selection mediation model","volume":"6","author":"LaFreniere","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ment Health Addict Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2007.11.012","article-title":"School-based prevention for illicit drugs use: a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Faggiano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/09687630701731189","article-title":"\u2018Unplugged': a new European school programme against substance abuse","volume":"16","author":"Kreeft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-3-5","article-title":"Implementing the lifeskills training drug prevention program: factors related to implementation fidelity","volume":"3","author":"Mihalic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Implement Sci."},{"key":"B38","first-page":"14","article-title":"Reducing alcohol-related harm: evaluation of a SHAHRP intervention","volume":"2012","author":"Keane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drugnet Irel."},{"key":"B39","first-page":"119","article-title":"Reducing demand for illicit substances in young people through co-production, skills training and early intervention","author":"Retzler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2026.2681540","article-title":"Challenges and successes implementing a skills-based preventative drug-use intervention early in secondary education","author":"Retzler","year":"2026","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2026.2715997","article-title":"Reflexivity in practice: integrating participatory action research and behavioural science in youth substance use prevention","author":"McCluskey","year":"2026","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy."},{"key":"B42","unstructured":""},{"key":"B43","unstructured":"Drug misuse in England and Wales\u2013Office for National Statistics [Internet]\n          \n          2024"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1951002\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:26:33Z","timestamp":1791260793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1951002\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1951002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1951002","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"article-number":"1951002"}}