{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:57:16Z","timestamp":1790751436886,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tetanus has a high mortality rate and remains a major public health threat in low- and middle-income countries. Although neonatal tetanus has been eliminated in China, the burden of non-neonatal tetanus is still heavy. This study analyzed the case characteristics, outcomes, and hospitalization expenses of non-neonatal tetanus inpatients in Guizhou Province, China, and provided a basis for reducing the disease burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One tertiary medical institution was randomly selected from each of the nine cities (states) in the province, and the data of non-neonatal tetanus hospitalized cases from 2021 to 2025 were collected. Descriptive epidemiological methods, the simple seasonal index method, and multiple linear regression were used in the analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 92 cases were included. Males accounted for 65.22% (60\/92); farmers accounted for 86.96% (80\/92); the median age was 60 (55\u201369) years; the incubation period ranged from 1 to 27\u202fdays; and cases peaked in summer. 95.65% (88\/92) were not vaccinated with tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine (TTCV), and only 21.74% (20\/92) received standardized treatment within 24\u202fh after injury. The case fatality rate was 15.22% (14\/92). None of the non-survivors were inoculated with TTCV, no standardized treatment was performed within 24\u202fh after injury, the severity was severe or above, and the family members gave up treatment on their own. The median hospitalization cost was 55,724 yuan (equivalent to 8,359 US Dollars); the highest was 239,365 yuan (equivalent to 35,905 US Dollars); and the number of hospitalization days was the main influencing factor (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f5.751,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt;\u202f0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-neonatal tetanus in Guizhou Province was mainly in middle-aged and older male farmers, with a high incidence in summer, and most of them were not vaccinated with TTCV. The non-survivors were not vaccinated with TTCV and did not receive standard treatment within 24\u202fh after injury. The disease had a high case fatality rate and was a serious economic burden. It is recommended to strengthen TTCV vaccination and standardized post-exposure disposal in high-risk groups, enhance medical financial support to prevent abandonment of treatment for economic reasons, and ensure that patients receive timely and comprehensive clinical care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1951130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:07:03Z","timestamp":1790748423000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of 92 hospitalized cases of non-neonatal tetanus in Guizhou Province, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jiao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University","place":["Guiyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Immunization Program","place":["Guiyang, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruizhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Immunization Program","place":["Guiyang, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leibing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Department of Emergency Surgery","place":["Guiyang, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zunyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanming District Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Guiyang, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Department of Emergency Surgery","place":["Guiyang, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University","place":["Guiyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University","place":["Guiyang, China"]},{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Immunization Program","place":["Guiyang, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0010235","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010235","article-title":"Factors associated with in-hospital mortality of adult tetanus patients-a multicenter study from Bangladesh","volume":"16","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.07.025","article-title":"Case fatality of adult tetanus in Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"368","author":"Woldeamanuel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol 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