{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:54:33Z","timestamp":1791266073299,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rapid integration of artificial intelligence into healthcare has transformed how individuals access medical information. However, the impact of artificial intelligence attitudes and individual innovativeness on clinically disciplined behaviors, such as rational drug use, and the mediating role of health literacy remains underexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to empirically investigate the structural relationships between artificial intelligence attitude, individual innovativeness, health literacy, and rational drug use within the digital health ecosystem of Northern Cyprus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional survey design was employed to collect data from 445 adults. The proposed relationships, integrating the Technology Acceptance Model and the Health Belief Model, were tested using Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM) via IBM SPSS AMOS. A 5,000-resample bootstrapping procedure was utilized for mediation analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The structural model demonstrated an acceptable fit to the data (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/df\u202f=\u202f2.45, CFI\u202f=\u202f0.935, TLI\u202f=\u202f0.921, RMSEA\u202f=\u202f0.062, SRMR\u202f=\u202f0.058). The structural model revealed that individual innovativeness has a significant and positive impact on both health literacy and rational drug use. While a favorable attitude toward artificial intelligence significantly improves health literacy, it does not directly translate into rational drug use. Furthermore, the mediation analysis demonstrated that health literacy significantly mediates the relationship between individual innovativeness and rational drug use; however, no such mediating effect was observed between artificial intelligence attitude and rational drug use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although positive attitudes toward artificial intelligence enhance health literacy by improving access to information, this cognitive advantage does not inherently foster the clinical discipline required for rational drug use. The findings highlight the \u201cDigital Physician Illusion,\u201d emphasizing that algorithmic guidance cannot replace the indispensable oversight of healthcare professionals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1958038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:21:40Z","timestamp":1791264100000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The digital physician illusion: individual innovativeness, unlike artificial intelligence attitudes, drives rational drug use through health literacy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kaan","family":"Raif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Organizations Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Near East University","place":["Nicosia, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kemal","family":"Cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Accounting and Finance, Cyprus International University","place":["Nicosia, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saime","family":"Ulucayli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Organizations Management, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Cyprus International University","place":["Nicosia, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fazilet","family":"Aksu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, DESAM Research Institute, Near East University","place":["Nicosia, Cyprus"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2647-1210","article-title":"Health consumers\u2019 use and perceptions of health information from generative artificial intelligence chatbots: a scoping review","volume":"16","author":"Bautista","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5530\/jscires.20251166","article-title":"Large language models in biomedicine and health: a holistic evaluation of the effectiveness, reliability and ethics using Altmetrics","volume":"14","author":"Nedungadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Scientometr Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/0194262x.2023.2250835","article-title":"Investigating the use of ChatGPT as a novel method for seeking health 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