{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:49:39Z","timestamp":1791355779285,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explored the association between parental discipline and mental health in a sample of 21,366 Chinese preschool children (mean age\u202f=\u202f4.82\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.89\u202fyears; 51.77% boys, 48.23% girls). Parenting practices were measured as overall parenting scores, laxness, overreactivity, and verbosity, and children\u2019s mental health was assessed by the official simplified Chinese version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Both outcomes were dichotomized using validated cut-offs for Chinese preschoolers, and odds ratios are reported as the odds of meeting these cut-off definitions (Total Difficulties Score &amp;gt; 14; adequate Prosocial Behavior Score \u2265 6). The results indicated that higher parenting scores (for total difficulties: AOR\u202f=\u202f4.03; 95% CI: 3.64\u20134.46; for prosocial behavior: AOR\u202f=\u202f0.48; 95% CI: 0.45\u20130.51), particularly in laxness (for total difficulties: AOR\u202f=\u202f1.28; 95% CI: 1.23\u20131.34; for prosocial behavior: AOR\u202f=\u202f0.88; 95% CI: 0.85\u20130.91) and overreactivity (for total difficulties: AOR\u202f=\u202f1.83; 95% CI: 1.76\u20131.90; for prosocial behavior: AOR\u202f=\u202f0.66; 95% CI: 0.64\u20130.68), were associated with higher odds of a Total Difficulties Score &amp;gt; 14 (i.e., risk of mental health difficulties) and lower odds of an adequate Prosocial Behavior Score (\u2265 6), while verbosity (for total difficulties: AOR\u202f=\u202f0.80; 95% CI: 0.77\u20130.84; for prosocial behavior: AOR\u202f=\u202f1.23; 95% CI: 1.19\u20131.27) was associated with lower odds of a Total Difficulties Score &amp;gt; 14 and higher odds of an adequate Prosocial Behavior Score (\u2265 6). Subgroup analyses suggested potential effect modification by education level and child age, but most interaction effects were not significant after multiple comparison correction. The findings emphasize the need for balanced parenting and interventions targeting both discipline and parental well-being to enhance children\u2019s mental health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1964235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:52:08Z","timestamp":1791352328000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between dysfunctional parental discipline and parent-reported mental health outcomes in preschoolers: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Liangliang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, National Regional Children's Medical Center (Northwest)","place":["Xi'an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyue","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, National Regional Children's Medical Center (Northwest)","place":["Xi'an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongli","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, National Regional Children's Medical Center (Northwest)","place":["Xi'an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.4276","article-title":"Global and national burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents between 1990 and 2013: findings from the global burden of disease 2013 study","volume":"170","author":"Kyu","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0221580","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221580","article-title":"Warning signs of preschool victimization using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire: prevalence and individual and family risk factors","volume":"14","author":"Navarro","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05707-1","article-title":"Parenting style and child mental health at preschool age: evidence from rural China","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414533834","article-title":"Are child and adolescent mental health problems increasing in the 21st century? 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