{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:50:00Z","timestamp":1791352200906,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) is an increasing public health challenge in aging populations. The cholesterol\u2013high-density lipoprotein\u2013glucose (CHG) index is an emerging metabolic marker, but its association with prevalent CMM has not been sufficiently evaluated across community and hospitalized populations. This study examined the association between CHG and CMM using clinical and China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study included 5,544 hospitalized patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University and 11,221 community-dwelling participants from CHARLS. CMM was defined as the presence of at least two of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess associations between CHG and CMM after adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors. Restricted cubic spline analyses assessed nonlinearity, while receiver operating characteristic curves evaluated discriminative performance. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Each SD increase in CHG was associated with higher odds of prevalent CMM in both the clinical dataset (OR\u202f=\u202f1.96, 95% CI: 1.74\u20132.21) and CHARLS (OR\u202f=\u202f4.14, 95% CI: 3.46\u20134.94). Significant J-shaped nonlinear associations were observed in both datasets. Adding CHG to the basic model improved discrimination, with AUCs of 0.690 and 0.834 in the clinical and CHARLS datasets, respectively. A nominal smoking interaction in the clinical dataset (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      for interaction\u202f=\u202f0.043) was not significant after false discovery rate correction. Sensitivity analyses were generally consistent with the primary findings. Phenotype-specific analyses were broadly consistent across two-disease combinations in CHARLS, whereas the heart disease\u2013stroke phenotype without diabetes showed a distinct pattern in the clinical dataset.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher CHG was independently associated with prevalent CMM in hospitalized and community-dwelling middle-aged and older Chinese adults. Nonlinear associations were observed in both datasets, and no subgroup interaction remained significant after multiple-testing correction. CHG may provide a simple, accessible indicator of cardiometabolic burden, with potential value for risk stratification and population-level identification of individuals with greater cardiometabolic disease burden. Derived from routinely available laboratory measures, CHG may complement established cardiometabolic assessment and support population health and integrated chronic disease management in aging populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1967131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:51:00Z","timestamp":1791348660000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Independent association of the CHG index with cardiometabolic multimorbidity: real-world evidence from community and clinical datasets"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zexu","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Xianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianhao","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Xianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Xianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donglin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Xianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xahzat","family":"Xuhrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghong","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinglun","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilnur","family":"Turghun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiancai","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Heart Function, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, 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