{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:48:12Z","timestamp":1791287292823,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Antibiot."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotic resistance causes higher morbidity and mortality and higher healthcare costs. One of the factors influencing the emergence of antibiotic resistance is the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Clinical practitioners\u2019 incorrect prescription patterns and a disregard for antibiotic usage recommendations are the leading causes of this resistance. This study examined the antibiotic prescription patterns among hospitalized patients at the Kiambu Level 5 hospital (KL5) to find potential for hospital quality improvement. This study was conducted in July 2021, and all patients hospitalized on the study day were included. The information was extracted from patient medical records using a World Health Organization Point Prevalence Survey (PPS) instrument. Anonymized data was gathered, entered, and then SPSS version 26 was used for analysis. Among the 308 surveyed patients, 191 (62%) received antibiotic medication, and 60.1% of the total were female. The pediatric ward, which had an antibiotic prescription rate of 94.1%, had the highest rate of antibiotic usage, followed by the medical ward (69.2%) and gynecological ward (65.6%). Over 40% of antibiotic prescriptions had a prophylactic medical indication. Penicillin G was the most prescribed antibiotic for community-acquired infections (32.2%), followed by 3rd generation cephalosporins (27.6%) and aminoglycosides (17.2%). Based on the AWaRe classification, 57% of the prescribed antibiotics were in the Access class while 42% were in the Watch class. Incomplete site of indication, lack of a method of administration, and length of administration are some of the conformities that were missing in the medical records. This study shows that antibiotic prescription rates are high, particularly for young patients, and there is a higher risk of antibiotic misuse. The data makes a compelling justification for using antibiotic stewardship practices in Kenyan hospitals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frabi.2022.993271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T09:04:21Z","timestamp":1666775061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Point prevalence survey to assess antibiotic prescribing pattern among hospitalized patients in a county referral hospital in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Moses","family":"Kamita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Maina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Racheal","family":"Kimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Mureithi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Nduta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Gitaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaa001","article-title":"Antimicrobial point prevalence surveys in two ghanaian hospitals: Opportunities for antimicrobial stewardship","volume":"2","author":"Afriyie","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-4000-7","article-title":"Assessment of inpatient antibiotic use in halibet national referral hospital using WHO indicators: A retrospective study","volume":"11","author":"Amaha","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.11124\/jbisrir-2014-1381","article-title":"Metronidazole intravenous formulation use in in-patients in kapkatet district hospital, Kenya: a best practice implementation project","volume":"12","author":"Amdany","year":"2014","journal-title":"JBI Database Syst. Rev. Implement Rep."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlab008","article-title":"Point prevalence survey of antibiotic consumption across three hospitals in Ghana","volume":"3","author":"Amponsah","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrobial Resist."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1629288","article-title":"Point prevalence study of antimicrobial use among hospitals across botswana; findings and implications","volume":"17","author":"Anand Paramadhas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4791-8","article-title":"A 2-year point-prevalence surveillance of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in ferrara university hospital, Italy","volume":"20","author":"Antonioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217174","article-title":"Assessing the occurrence and transfer dynamics of ESBL\/pAmpC-producing escherichia coli across the broiler production pyramid","volume":"14","author":"Apostolakos","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2021.100306","article-title":"Antibiotic use for empirical therapy in the critical care units in primary and secondary hospitals in Vietnam: a multicenter cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Dat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Heal - West Pacific."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3656-y","article-title":"Comparative point prevalence survey of antimicrobial consumption between a hospital in northern Ireland and a hospital in Jordan 11 medical and health sciences 1103 clinical sciences","volume":"18","author":"Elhajji","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajme.2018.09.001","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing practices in the presence of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) positive organisms in an adult intensive care unit in south Africa \u2013 a pilot study","volume":"54","author":"Fourie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alexandria J. Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy276","article-title":"Rethinking antimicrobial resistance surveillance: A role for lot quality assurance sampling","volume":"188","author":"Ginting","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e861","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30071-3","article-title":"Use of the WHO access, watch, and reserve classification to define patterns of hospital antibiotic use (AWaRe): an analysis of paediatric survey data from 56 countries","volume":"7","author":"Hsia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2021.1834852","article-title":"A multicentre point prevalence survey of hospital antibiotic prescribing and quality indices in the Kurdistan regional government of northern Iraq: the need for urgent action","volume":"19","author":"Kurdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2018.04.019","article-title":"Multi-centre point-prevalence survey of hospital-acquired infections in Ghana","volume":"101","author":"Labi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hosp Infect."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1367-5","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing in paediatric inpatients in Ghana: A multi-centre point prevalence survey","volume":"18","author":"Labi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12831","article-title":"Inappropriate prescription of cough remedies among children hospitalised with respiratory illness over the period 2002\u20132015 in Kenya","volume":"22","author":"Maina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Heal."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003836","article-title":"Using treatment guidelines to improve antibiotic use: Insights from an antibiotic point prevalence survey in Kenya","volume":"6","author":"Maina","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.07.084","article-title":"Antibiotic use in Kenyan public hospitals: Prevalence, appropriateness and link to guideline availability","volume":"99","author":"Maina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4103\/jrpp.JRPP_18_68","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing patterns at a leading referral hospital in Kenya: A point prevalence survey","volume":"8","author":"Momanyi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Res. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"161","article-title":"Patterns of prescribing practices in makueni county referral hospital, (dissertation) Kenya 2014","volume":"4","author":"Mulwa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"522","article-title":"Prevalence of antimicrobial use in major hospitals in owerri, Nigeria","volume":"35","author":"Nsofor","year":"2016","journal-title":"EC Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.2018.1464872","article-title":"Point prevalence survey of antibiotic use and resistance at a referral hospital in Kenya: findings and implications","volume":"46","author":"Okoth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hosp Pract. (1995)."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s353","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.971","article-title":"Point-prevalence surveys of antibiotic use at three Large public hospitals in Kenya","volume":"41","author":"Omulo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp Epidemiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060810","article-title":"Pattern of antibiotic use among hospitalized patients according to WHO access, watch, reserve (AWaRe) classification: Findings from a point prevalence survey in Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"Rashid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1767593","article-title":"Point prevalence surveys of antimicrobial use: a systematic review and the implications","volume":"18","author":"Saleem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infective Ther."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1581063","article-title":"A multicenter point prevalence survey of antibiotic use in punjab, Pakistan: findings and implications","volume":"17","author":"Saleem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.12527.1","article-title":"AMR surveillance in low and middle-income settings - a roadmap for participation in the global antimicrobial surveillance system (GLASS)","volume":"2","author":"Seale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042819","article-title":"Antimicrobial use across six referral hospitals in Tanzania: A point prevalence survey","volume":"10","author":"Seni","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics3030450","article-title":"A point prevalence survey of antibiotic use in 18 hospitals in Egypt","volume":"3","author":"Talaat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antibiotics."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.10.020","article-title":"Antibiotic use in Vietnamese hospitals: A multicenter point-prevalence study","volume":"40","author":"Thu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.01.013","article-title":"Point prevalence survey of antimicrobial prescription in a tertiary hospital in south East Nigeria: A call for improved antibiotic stewardship","volume":"17","author":"Umeokonkwo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e619","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30186-4","article-title":"Antimicrobial consumption and resistance in adult hospital inpatients in 53 countries: results of an internet-based global point prevalence survey","volume":"6","author":"Versporten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal."},{"key":"B33","unstructured":"2021 AWaRe classification2021"},{"key":"B34","first-page":"1","article-title":"WHO methodology for point prevalence survey on antibiotic use in hospitals","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Heal Organ"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2014.07.001","article-title":"A multicenter point-prevalence survey of antibiotic use in 13 Chinese hospitals","volume":"8","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.079","article-title":"The WHO methodology for point prevalence surveys on antibiotics use in hospitals should be improved: Lessons from pilot studies in four Mexican hospitals","volume":"108","author":"Zumaya-Estrada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frabi.2022.993271\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T09:04:26Z","timestamp":1666775066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frabi.2022.993271\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frabi.2022.993271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frabi.2022.993271","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-2467"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-2467","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"article-number":"993271"}}