{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T07:01:36Z","timestamp":1792220496569,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Antibiot."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Proteus spp<\/jats:italic>., <jats:italic>Staphylococcus spp<\/jats:italic>., <jats:italic>Pseudeomonas spp<\/jats:italic>., and pathogenic Vibrios are among the major foodborne pathogens associated with the consumption of contaminated fish. The increasing occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in these pathogens is a serious public health concern globally and therefore continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance of these bacteria along the food chain is crucial for for control of foodborne illnesses. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance patterns, antibiotic resistance genes, and genetic diversity of bacterial foodborne pathogens recovered from fresh Nile tilapia (<jats:italic>Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:italic>) obtained from retail markets in Nairobi, Kenya. A total of 68 <jats:italic>O. niloticus<\/jats:italic> fish with an average weight of 300.12 \u00b1 25.66 g and body length of 23.00 \u00b1 0.82 cm were randomly sampled from retail markets and tested for the presence of <jats:italic>Proteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Vibrio parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic>. Standard culture-based microbiological and Kirby\u2013Bauer agar disk diffusion methods were used to isolate and determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates to 11 selected antibiotics. Statistical analysis was performed using Minitab v17.1, with <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05 considered significant. The genetic diversity of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria was determined using 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for detection of antibiotic resistance genes in MDR bacterial isolates. High levels of bacterial contamination were detected in fresh <jats:italic>O. niloticus<\/jats:italic> fish (44\/68, 64.71%). The most prevalent bacteria were <jats:italic>Proteus<\/jats:italic> spp. (44.12%), with the rest of the bacterial species registering a prevalence of 10.29%, 4.41%, 2.94%, and 2.94% (for <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>V. parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic>, respectively). Antimicrobial resistance was detected in all the bacteria species and all the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic except cefepime (30 \u00b5g). Additionally, 86.36% of the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, with higher multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MAR index &amp;gt;0.3) indicating that fresh <jats:italic>O. niloticus<\/jats:italic> fish were highly contaminated with MDR bacteria. Results of 16S rRNA sequences, BLASTn analysis, and phylogenetic trees confirmed the identified MDR bacterial isolates as <jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic> and other <jats:italic>Proteus<\/jats:italic> spp.<jats:italic>, S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>V. parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic>. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of multiple antibiotic resistance genes <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>TEM-1, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>CMY-2, <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>A, <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>C, <jats:italic>Sul<\/jats:italic>2, <jats:italic>dfr<\/jats:italic>A7, <jats:italic>str<\/jats:italic>A, and <jats:italic>aad<\/jats:italic>A belonging to \u03b2-lactamases, tetracycline, sulfonamide, trimethoprim, and aminoglycosides in all the MDR bacterial isolates. There was strong correlation between antibiotic- resistant genes and phenotypic resistance to antibiotics of MDR bacteria. This study showed high prevalence of multidrug resistance among foodborne bacterial isolates from fresh <jats:italic>O. niloticus<\/jats:italic> fish obtained from retail markets. From this study, we conclude that fresh <jats:italic>O. niloticus<\/jats:italic> fish are a potential source of MDR bacteria, which could be a major risk to public health as a consequence of their dissemination along the human food chain. These results highlight the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens in fish purchased from retail markets and underscore the risk associated with improper handling of fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frabi.2023.1156258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T05:50:41Z","timestamp":1684907441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of bacterial foodborne pathogens in Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) at points of retail sale in Nairobi, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Millicent T.","family":"Mumbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evans N.","family":"Nyaboga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnson","family":"Kinyua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward K.","family":"Muge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scholastica G. K.","family":"Mathenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Muriira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Rotich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Njiraini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Njiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108669","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from chicken meat and giblets often produces staphylococcal enterotoxin b (SEB) in non-refrigerated raw chicken livers","volume":"2","author":"Abolghait","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0707.017741","article-title":"Cholera outbreak in southern Tanzania: risk factors and patterns of transmission","volume":"7","author":"Acosta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review on major food borne bacterial illnesses","volume":"3","author":"Addis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-013-0641-x","article-title":"Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and evaluation of anti-staphylococcal activity of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis in ready-to-eat poultry meat","volume":"64","author":"Akbar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737643","article-title":"Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern, virulence determinant and AMR genes of emerging multi-drug resistant Edwardsiella tarda in Nile tilapia and African catfish","volume":"548","author":"Algammal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15961","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72264-4","article-title":"Emerging MDR-Pseudomonas aeruginosa in fish commonly harbor oprL and toxA virulence genes and blaTEM, blaCTX-m, and tetA antibiotic-resistance genes","volume":"10","author":"Algammal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389","article-title":"Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs","volume":"25","author":"Altschul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-022-01390-1","article-title":"Pseudomonas species prevalence, protein analysis, and antibiotic resistance: an evolving public health challenge","volume":"12","author":"Ayman","year":"2022","journal-title":"AMB. Express."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111651","article-title":"Ecological distribution of virulent multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in livestock, environment, and dairy products","volume":"11","author":"Badawy","year":"2022","journal-title":"MDPI. Antibiotic."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01356","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of shiga toxin-producing and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in shellfish-harvesting areas and their watersheds","volume":"6","author":"Baliere","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4565.2003.tb00361.x","article-title":"Novel non-thermal methods to reduce Vibrio vulnificusin raw oysters","volume":"23","author":"Borazjani","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Food Saf."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.04.005","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa: all roads lead to resistance","volume":"19","author":"Breidenstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"7","article-title":"Virulence factors and epidemiology related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"2","author":"Bricha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tunis J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"427","article-title":"Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in fish samples of local domestic fish market","volume":"4","author":"Bujjamma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.01.009","article-title":"Early steps in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla)-Vibrio vulnificus interaction in the gills: role of the RtxA13 toxin","volume":"43","author":"Callol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030616","article-title":"Multidrug resistance (MDR): a widespread phenomenon in pharmacological therapies","volume":"27","author":"Catalano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.63","article-title":"Acquired inducible antimicrobial resistance in gram-positive bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Chancey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03780","article-title":"Treated wastewater used in fresh produce irrigation in nsukka, southeast Nigeria is a reservoir of enterotoxigenic and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli","volume":"6","author":"Chigor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Press"},{"key":"B19","article-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","volume-title":"CLSI supplement M100 28th Edition","year":"2018"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"M100. performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing an informational supplement for global application developed through the clinical and laboratory standards institute consensus process","year":"2021"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.06.031","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in vibrio cholerae: understanding the ecology of resistance genes and mechanisms","volume":"38","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elsevier"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822011000400032","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from pond-reared Litopenaeus vannamei marketed in natal, Brazil","volume":"42","author":"de Melo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4010014","article-title":"Nosocomial pathogens: an in-depth analysis of the vectorial potential of cockroaches","volume":"4","author":"Donkor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S167639","article-title":"A genomic infection control study for Staphylococcus aureus in two ghanaian hospitals","volume":"11","author":"Donkor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"1178633720976581","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the oral cavity: its implications for dental care and MRSA surveillance","volume":"13","author":"Donkor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Res. Treat."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-015-0720-6","article-title":"Significance and roles of Proteus spp. bacteria in natural environments","volume":"72","author":"Drzewiecka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9509087","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9509087","article-title":"Multidrug resistant enteric bacterial pathogens in a psychiatric hospital in Ghana: implications for control of nosocomial infections","volume":"2017","author":"Duedu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.2.615-619.2005","article-title":"Use of the MicroSeq 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing for identification of bacterial isolates that commercial automated systems failed to identify correctly","volume":"43","author":"Fontana","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2174\/1874944501710010267","article-title":"Microbial carriage and contamination of mangoes by the oriental fruit fly","volume":"10","author":"Futagbi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Public Health J."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.10.028","article-title":"Bacterial zoonoses of fishes: a review and appraisal of evidence for linkages between fish and human infections","volume":"203","author":"Gauthier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02810","article-title":"Characterization of a novel diarrheagenic strain of Proteus mirabilis associated with food poisoning in China","volume":"10","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.022","article-title":"Occurrence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant and-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci from Japanese retail ready-to-eat raw fish","volume":"156","author":"Hammad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.21608\/bvmj.2018.29434","article-title":"Effect of marination on Vibrio parahaemolyticus in tilapia fillets","volume":"34","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Benha Vet. Med. J."},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs\u2013preparation of test samples, initial suspension and decimal dilutions for microbiological examination\u2013part 3: specific rules for the preparation of fish and fishery products","year":"2003"},{"key":"B35","volume-title":"Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs\u2013horizontal method for the enumeration of coagulase-positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and other species) - 3: detection and MPN technique for low numbers","year":"2003"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00059-09","article-title":"Epidemiology of seafood-associated infections in the united states","volume":"23","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1035","article-title":"The incidence of antibiotic resistance within and beyond the agricultural ecosystem: a concern for public health","volume":"9","author":"Iwu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol. Open"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224407","article-title":"Pre-harvest transmission routes of fresh produce associated bacterial pathogens with outbreak potentials: a review","volume":"16","author":"Iwu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5320","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155320","article-title":"Microbial Virulence Factors","volume":"21","author":"Jorge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.1018","article-title":"Isolation, molecular characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Korean seafood","volume":"9","author":"Jun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.02.070","article-title":"Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from oysters in Korea: resistance to various antibiotics and prevalence of virulence genes","volume":"118","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. pollut. Bull."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1086\/430312","article-title":"Three-year surveillance of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in children","volume":"40","author":"Kaplan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.5803\/jsfm.15.161","article-title":"Results of bacterial contamination of commercial raw fish and shellfish in tama, tokyo (1986\u20131996)","volume":"15","author":"Kusunoki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Japanese J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46S","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.92.5s1.7.x","article-title":"Cellular impermeability and uptake of biocides and antibiotics in gram- positive bacteria and mycobacteria","volume":"92","author":"Lambert","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.76","article-title":"Biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance","volume":"7","author":"Mah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","first-page":"254","article-title":"Textbook of diagnostic microbiology","volume-title":"Saunders; antimicrobial agent mechanisms of action and resistance","author":"Mahon","year":"2014"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4652326","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4652326","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from marine and freshwater fish in Tanzania","volume":"2022","author":"Marijani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6454","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.21.6454-6465.2001","article-title":"Functional analysis of genes for biosynthesis of pyocyanin and phenazine-1-carboxamide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1","volume":"183","author":"Mavrodi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.956092","article-title":"Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in enterococci","volume":"12","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infe"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s42506-018-0006-1","article-title":"Evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility test results: how guilty a laboratory could be","volume":"94","author":"Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Egyptian Pub. Health Assoc."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7287\/peerj.preprints.820v1","article-title":"Isolation and identification of yersinia and pseudomonas sp. from Australian milk and salad using 16S rDNA (No. e820v1)","volume":"7","author":"Nawaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Peer J."},{"key":"B53","first-page":"118","article-title":"Molecular identification and detection of virulence genes among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different infectious origins","volume":"4","author":"Nikbin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B54","first-page":"1523","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and biosafety of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus from freshwater fish at retail level","volume":"18","author":"Noorlis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.17221\/5715-VETMED","article-title":"Fish: a potential source of bacterial pathogens for human beings","volume":"49","author":"Novotny","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4314\/ajcem.v18i1.5","article-title":"Public health practices at meat pie retail points in markudi, benue state and its potential effect on consumer health","volume":"18","author":"Obande","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr. J. Clin. Exp. Microbiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1701-z","article-title":"Bloodstream infections in patients with malignancies: implications for antibiotic treatment in a ghanaian tertiary setting","volume":"8","author":"Obeng-Nkrumah","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1629-x","article-title":"Household cockroaches carry CTX-M-15-, OXA-48- and NDM-1-producing enterobacteria, and share beta-lactam resistance determinants with humans","volume":"19","author":"Obeng-Nkrumah","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/aff2.58","article-title":"Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus linnaeus 1758) culture in Kenya: emerging production technologies and socio-economic impacts on local livelihoods","volume":"2","author":"Obiero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aqua. Fish Fisheries."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.3.857-862.2002","article-title":"Detection of seg, seh, and sei genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates and determination of the enterotoxin productivities of S. aureus isolates harboring seg, seh, or sei genes","volume":"40","author":"Omoe","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B61","article-title":"Distribution of blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-m genes among ESBL-producing P. aeruginosa isolated from qazvin and Tehran hospitals, Iran","volume":"58","author":"Peymani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hygiene"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2018.3.482","article-title":"An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Reygaert","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol."},{"key":"B63","first-page":"2732","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility profile of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from shrimp in selangor, Malaysia","volume":"23","author":"Saifedden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.10-0198","article-title":"Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from raw fish in relation to culture methods","volume":"73","author":"Saito","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-019-00086-2","article-title":"Genotypic and phenotypic profiles of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of Proteus mirabilis isolated from chicken carcasses: potential zoonotic risk","volume":"50","author":"Sanches","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-002-0832-z","article-title":"Domestic cholera in Germany associated with fresh fish imported from Nigeria","volume":"21","author":"Schurmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12304","article-title":"Isolation of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus spp. from ready-to-eat fish products","volume":"59","author":"Sergelidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B68","first-page":"815","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of pathogenic vibrios in shellfishes from Cochin market","volume":"43","author":"Sudha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Geo. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01087","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from short mackerels (Rastrelliger brachysoma) in Malaysia","volume":"8","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B70","first-page":"940","article-title":"Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from coastal seawater in peninsular malaysia. Southeast Asian j","volume":"36","author":"Tanil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Pub. Health"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.928509","article-title":"Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in select bacteria from retail seafood - united state","volume":"13","author":"Tate","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150387","article-title":"Changing patterns of disease and mortality at the children\u2019s hospital, Accra: are infections rising","volume":"11","author":"Tette","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4137\/EHI.S12820","article-title":"Microbial carriage of cockroaches in a tertiary hospital in Ghana: public health implications","volume":"7","author":"Tetteh-Quarcoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Insights"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.03.095","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance determinants of Escherichia coli isolates recovered from some rivers in osun state, south Western Nigeria: implications for public health","volume":"523","author":"Titilawo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070952","article-title":"Nutrients in fish and possible associations with cardiovascular disease risk factors in metabolic syndrome","author":"T\u00f8rris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients10"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14915","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in seafood: prevalence, laboratory detection, clonal nature, and control in seafood chain","volume":"84","author":"Vaiyapuri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.02.001","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial tolerance and resistance in bacterial and fungal biofilms","volume":"22","author":"Van Acker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.05.021","article-title":"Incidence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in fishery products marketed in Galicia (northwest Spain)","volume":"157","author":"V\u00e1zquez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-2229.2009.00128.x","article-title":"Environmental reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae and their role in cholera","volume":"2","author":"Vezzulli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2016.506.109","article-title":"Molecular identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from food borne isolates","volume":"5","author":"Virupakshaiah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2007.02288.x","article-title":"Transfer of ampicillin resistance from Salmonella typhimurium DT104 to Escherichia coli K12 in food","volume":"46","author":"Walsh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12873","article-title":"Multilocus sequence analysis revealed a high genotypic diversity of Aeromonas hydrophila infecting fish in Uganda","volume":"41","author":"Wamala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Diseases."},{"key":"B83","unstructured":"2015"},{"key":"B84","unstructured":"Cholera2021"},{"key":"B85","unstructured":"Antimicrobial resistance2021"},{"key":"B86","first-page":"44","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from different water sources in the mmabatho locality, north-West province, south Africa","volume":"106","author":"Wose","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Lett."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fnaa136","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnaa136","article-title":"Prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility and characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates in China","volume":"367","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Letters."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(01)00307-7","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of Vibrio spp. isolated from the environment","volume":"17","author":"Zanetti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2002.00383.x","article-title":"Ultrasonic immunization of sea bream, pagrus major (Temminck & schlegel), with a mixed vaccine against Vibrio alginolyticus and V. anguillarum","volume":"25","author":"Zhou","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frabi.2023.1156258\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T05:50:56Z","timestamp":1684907456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frabi.2023.1156258\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frabi.2023.1156258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frabi.2023.1156258","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-2467"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-2467","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"article-number":"1156258"}}