{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T16:00:18Z","timestamp":1794153618704,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Antibiot."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Citrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. are Gram-negative, non-spore forming, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic bacteria from the\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    family often found in soil, sewage, sludge, water, food, and the intestinal tracts of animals and humans. Several members of\n                    <jats:italic>Citrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. especially\n                    <jats:italic>C. freundii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>C. koseri<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>C. braakii<\/jats:italic>\n                    are frequently detected in newborn illnesses, urinary tract infections, and patients with severe underlying conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and respiratory infections, or those who are immunocompromised. Strains of\n                    <jats:italic>Citrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. can spread vertically or horizontally from carriers or other hospital sources and thus cause nosocomial infections in hospital settings. A total of 19\n                    <jats:italic>Citrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    genomospecies have been recognized based on genomics. It has been noted that the\n                    <jats:italic>Citrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    genus acquired antimicrobial resistance and virulence, including invasion, colonization, biofilm formation, and toxin production. The recent emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance to \u03b2-lactams, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and colistin in\n                    <jats:italic>Citrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. through chromosomal and plasmid-mediated resistance limits the empiric treatment options. Therefore, combination therapy involving costly and potentially hazardous antibiotics poses significant challenges in treating\n                    <jats:italic>Citrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections. Here we summarized the nomenclature of\n                    <jats:italic>Citrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., clinical manifestations, epidemiology, pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and treatments from various clinical samples. This review will expand our knowledge of the genomics and epidemiology of\n                    <jats:italic>Citrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., enabling improved control of infections and the spread of these organisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frabi.2023.1276982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:07:27Z","timestamp":1701734847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["A brief insight into Citrobacter species -\u00a0a growing threat to public health"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Ishrat","family":"Jabeen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohidul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. K. M. Imrul","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zerin","family":"Tasnim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabbir R.","family":"Shuvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"6687","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect of silver nanosilver particles on multi-drug resistant isolates of kluyvera cryocrescens and Citrobacter freundii","volume":"25","author":"Abady","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Romanian Soc. 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