{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:50:08Z","timestamp":1790189408930,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Antibiot."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in zoonotic pathogens poses a substantial threat to both animal production and human health. Although large-scale animal farms are acknowledged as major reservoirs for AMR, there is a notable knowledge gap concerning AMR in small-scale farms. This study seeks to address this gap by collecting and analyzing 137 fecal samples from goat and sheep farms in Tennessee and Georgia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bacteria were identified using culture-dependent methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (94.9%) in goats and sheep significantly exceeded (p &amp;lt; 0.05) that of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (81.0%),\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      (35.0%),\n                      <jats:italic>S. saprophyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      (3.0%).\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      occurrence in goat feces (2.2%) was higher than in sheep (0.8%). Notably, 27% of goats and 8% of sheep tested positive for\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., while 60% of goats and 21% of sheep tested positive for\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Antibiotic resistance was observed primarily against ampicillin (79.4%), vancomycin (65.1%), and gentamycin (63.6%), significantly surpassing (p &amp;lt; 0.05) resistance to tetracycline (41.6%) and imipenem (21.8%). The penicillin (79.4%), glycopeptide (65.1%), and aminoglycoside (63.6%) antibiotic classes displayed significantly higher (p &amp;lt; 0.05) resistance compared to tetracyclines (45.7%) and carbapenem (21.8%). Our findings suggest that goats and sheep feces may serve as source for multidrug-resistant bacteria, raising concerns about the potential introduction of their fecal matter into soil, water, and eventually to the food chain. This highlights the need for proactive measures to address and mitigate AMR in goats and sheep within small-scale farms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frabi.2024.1351725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T06:05:11Z","timestamp":1715839511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Antibiogram profiles of pathogenic and commensal bacteria in goat and sheep feces on smallholder farm"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Ashesh","family":"Basnet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Kilonzo-Nthenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09347","article-title":"Rearing livestock on the edge of secondary cities: Examining small ruminant production on the fringes of Wa, Ghana","volume":"8","author":"Abdulai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1590-8","article-title":"Escherichia coli O157:H7: distribution, molecular characterization, antimicrobial resistance patterns and source of contamination of sheep and goat carcasses at an export abattoir, Mojdo, Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"Abreham","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.1066-1079","article-title":"Methodology for laboratory-based antimicrobial antibiotic resistance surveillance in animals","volume":"15","author":"Amin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Veterinary World"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 6","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060633","article-title":"Virulence factors in staphylococcus associated with small ruminant mastitis: biofilm production and antimicrobial resistance genes","volume":"10","author":"Andrade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108749","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from milk of dairy goats under low-input farm management in Greece","volume":"247","author":"Angelidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2014.11.009","article-title":"Clinical evidence for individual animal therapy for papillomatous digital dermatitis (hairy heel wart) and infectious bovine pododermatitis (foot rot)","volume":"31","author":"Apley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. 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