{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:25:16Z","timestamp":1790303116841,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Antibiot."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Indiscriminate use of veterinary antibiotics significantly contributes to the current antibiotic resistance in the world. The primary objective of this study was to explore the factors that could influence knowledge, attitudes and practices of antibiotic use in commercial layer farms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate antibiotic use patterns and their associated factors among layer chicken farmers in Tanzania. The study surveyed 205 farmers randomly selected from three regions: Unguja, Morogoro, and Dar es Salaam. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, while negative binomial and multiple linear regression models were employed to identify factors influencing antibiotic usage patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A widespread use of antibiotics was revealed, with 97.1% of farmers using antibiotics for treatment, prophylaxis and\/or increasing egg productivity. The most commonly used antibiotics were oxytetracycline (63%), doxycline-tylosin combination (29.8%) and enrofloxacin (22.4%). Notably, 95.6% of farmers reported that they do not observe withdrawal periods. Assessment of farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices yielded mean scores of 55.5%, 69.1% and 50.9% respectively. Furthermore, older adults and individuals with primary education were more likely to have higher attitude scores. Geographic location and flock size are among other factors that are likely to influence knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic use. Higher frequency of antibiotic use was significantly associated with young adults, medium-scale farm operators, and farmers in Morogoro region (compared to the other two regions).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The frequency, knowledge, attitude and practices related to the use of antibiotics were affected by scale of production, location, age, and education. These findings provide insights into antibiotic stewardship among layer farmers that could suggest future multifaceted interventions to promote prudent use of antibiotics, hence mitigating risk of antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frabi.2025.1571096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T01:31:38Z","timestamp":1745803898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Factors influencing the frequency, knowledge, attitudes and practices of antibiotic use in commercial layer chicken farms, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Siha","family":"Mdemu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustine B.","family":"Matondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens Peter","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed E.","family":"Amasha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena A.","family":"Ngowi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Westwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunday O.","family":"Ochai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hezron E.","family":"Nonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Osbjer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robinson H.","family":"Mdegela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311886.2021.1891719","article-title":"Risk perceptions and risk management strategies among poultry farmers in south-west Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Adeyonu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogent Soc. Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9070378","article-title":"Risk perceptions of antibiotic usage and resistance: a cross-sectional survey of poultry farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Al-Mustapha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03056-9","article-title":"Antimicrobial usage in cattle and poultry production in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: pattern and quantity","volume":"18","author":"Azabo","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105287","article-title":"Knowledge and use of antibiotics among low-income small-scale farmers of Peru","volume":"189","author":"Benavides","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.10.018","article-title":"Age, values, farming objectives, past management decisions, and future intentions in New Zealand agriculture","volume":"231","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Manage."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2021.100186","article-title":"Knowledge on diseases, practices, and threats of drugs residues in chicken food chains in selected districts of Dodoma region, Tanzania","volume":"30","author":"Chota","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890802634175","article-title":"The analysis of count data: A gentle introduction to poisson regression and its alternatives","volume":"91","author":"Coxe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8010033","article-title":"Characterizing antimicrobial use in the livestock sector in three south east Asian countries (Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam)","volume":"8","author":"Coyne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100627","article-title":"How farm practices and antibiotic use drive disease incidence in smallholder livestock farms: Evidence from a survey in Uganda","volume":"17","author":"Emes","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Heal."},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Poultry Sector \u2013 The United Republic of Tanzania","year":"2019"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.1441-1447","article-title":"Assessing farmers\u2019 perspective on antibiotic usage and management practices in small-scale layer farms of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh","volume":"12","author":"Ferdous","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. World."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.61-67","article-title":"Effect of discriminate and indiscriminate use of oxytetracycline on residual status in broiler soft tissues","volume":"13","author":"Ferdous","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2016.1180668","article-title":"Abusive use of antibiotics in poultry farming in Cameroon and the public health implications","volume":"57","author":"Guetiya Wadoum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. Poult Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1154668","article-title":"Use of antibiotics in poultry and poultry farmers- a cross-sectional survey in Pakistan","volume":"11","author":"Habiba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Heal."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070784","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practices on antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance among commercial poultry farmers in Bangladesh","volume":"10","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.576113","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of antimicrobial usage on commercial broiler and layer chicken farms in Bangladesh","volume":"7","author":"Imam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.04.06.23288253","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards antibiotic use and resistance in Kyegegwa district, Uganda \u2013 a questionnaire study","volume":"12","author":"Kahunde","year":"2023","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2016.0297","article-title":"First report on a randomized investigation of antimicrobial resistance in fecal indicator bacteria from livestock, poultry, and humans in Tanzania","volume":"24","author":"Katakweba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12101742","article-title":"Technical efficiency analysis of layer and broiler poultry farmers in Pakistan","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/past.2024.13017","article-title":"Antibiotic use in Uganda\u2019s livestock-keeping households: prevalence, patterns, and determinants","volume":"14","author":"Kibooga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6759046","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance profiles of escherichia coli isolated from broiler and layer chickens in Arusha and Mwanza, Tanzania","volume":"2021","author":"Kiiti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100646","article-title":"Practices and drivers for antibiotic use in cattle production systems in Kenya","volume":"17","author":"Kisoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Heal."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3201-4","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibilities of indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and Enterococci spp. isolated from ducks in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania","volume":"11","author":"Kissinga","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes."},{"key":"B24","unstructured":"Husbandry practices, disease management and production profiles among smallholder layer chicken farms in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania\n          \n          \n            \n              Komba\n              E. V. G.\n            \n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/001316447003000308","article-title":"Determining sample size for research activities","volume":"30","author":"Krejcie","year":"1970","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu785","article-title":"Do human extraintestinal escherichia coli infections resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins originate from food-producing animals","volume":"60","author":"Lazarus","year":"2015","journal-title":"A System. Review."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focha.2023.100548","article-title":"Antibiotics in intensive egg production: Food Safety tools to ensure regulatory compliance","volume":"3","author":"Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Adv."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4038\/pjsl.v7i0.16","article-title":"Risk of prophylactic antibiotics in livestock and poultry farms; a growing problem for human and animal health","volume":"7","author":"Liyanage","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. J. Sri Lanka."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj-oh.2022.7.4.29800","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistant coliforms across four poultry production systems in Arusha and Moshi, Tanzania","volume":"7","author":"Maganga","year":"2022","journal-title":"PAMJ - One Heal."},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"How to use antibiotics effectively and responsibly in poultry production for the sake of human and animal health","author":"Magnusson","year":"2021"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4314\/tvj.v37i1.5s","article-title":"Monitoring of Antimicrobial Resistance in diagnostic Veterinary laboratory in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"37","author":"Mayenga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tanzania Vet. J."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040454","article-title":"Antimicrobial use, residues, resistance and governance in the food and agriculture sectors, Tanzania","volume":"10","author":"Mdegela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.5897\/IJLP2021.0774","article-title":"Inappropriate antibacterial use in layer poultry farms in Gombe Metropolis","volume":"12","author":"Mela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Northeast Nigeria may constitute Public Health challenges"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2082-1","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance pattern: A report of microbiological cultures at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania","volume":"16","author":"Moremi","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B35","unstructured":"Mosha\n              J. C.\n            \n          \n          Morogoro\n          Sokoine University of Agriculture\n          Tetracycline Residues in Raw and Cooked Chicken Eggs in Tanzania: A case study of Dar es Salaam\n          \n          2017"},{"key":"B36","article-title":"Sulfonamide residues in commercial layer chicken eggs in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania","author":"Mubito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Res. Commun"},{"key":"B37","unstructured":"Antimicrobial use in the poultry industry in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania and public health implications\n          \n          124\n          132\n          \n            \n              Mubito\n              E. P.\n            \n            \n              Shahada\n              F.\n            \n            \n              Kimanya\n              M. E.\n            \n            \n              Buza\n              J. J.\n            \n          \n          Am. J. Res. Commun.\n          2\n          2014"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050905","article-title":"Antimicrobial use by peri-urban poultry smallholders of Kajiado and Machakos counties in Kenya","volume":"12","author":"Mutua","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050","author":"Naghavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B40","unstructured":"The National Bureau of Statistics: The 2022 Population and Housing Census, Age and Sex Distribution Report Tanzania\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B41","volume-title":"The national budget: budget speech. Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries","author":"Ndaki","year":"2021"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04299-y","article-title":"Awareness and perceptions of poultry keepers about the prevalence of Fowl typhoid in chickens kept in Dodoma, Tanzania","volume":"20","author":"Ngongolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-009-9401-0","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of thermophilic Campylobacter isolates from free range domestic duck (Cairina moschata) in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania","volume":"42","author":"Nonga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2008.01226.x","article-title":"Assessment of antimicrobial usage and residues in commercial chicken eggs from smallholder poultry keepers in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania","volume":"57","author":"Nonga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.601299","article-title":"Poultry value chain in two medium-sized cities in Kenya; insights from cluster theory","volume":"9","author":"Omondi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0650-z","article-title":"Unidirectional animal-to-human transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in pig farming; evidence from a surveillance study in southern Italy","volume":"8","author":"Pirolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00847-x","article-title":"Antimicrobial use in food animals and human health : time to implement \u2018 One Health \u2018 approach","author":"Pokharel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050667","article-title":"An overview of antimicrobial stewardship optimization: the use of antibiotics in humans and animals to prevent resistance","volume":"11","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-584","article-title":"Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant fecal Escherichia coli isolates from penned broiler and scavenging local chickens in Arusha, Tanzania","volume":"79","author":"Rugumisa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43170-024-00223-4","article-title":"Examining antibiotic use in Kenya: farmers\u2019 knowledge and practices in addressing antibiotic resistance","volume":"5","author":"Rware","year":"2024","journal-title":"CABI Agric. Biosci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2021.694082","article-title":"Consumption trends of antibiotic for veterinary use in Tanzania: A longitudinal retrospective survey from 2010-2017","volume":"2","author":"Sangeda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e201","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00539-9","article-title":"The burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in the WHO African region in 2019: a cross-country systematic analysis","volume":"12","author":"Sartorius","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00862-y","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding antimicrobial use and resistance among communities of Ilala, Kilosa and Kibaha districts of Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"Sindato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2750009","article-title":"Oxytetracycline degrading potential of lysinibacillus sp. Strain 3 + I isolated from poultry manure","author":"Sudha","year":"2022"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1167847","article-title":"Livestock producers\u2019 knowledge, attitude, and behavior (KAB) regarding antimicrobial use in Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Tufa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.4314\/jasem.v28i7.5","article-title":"Factors influencing poultry farmers\u2019 Participation in agricultural insurance in Calabar municipal area of cross river state, Nigeria","volume":"28","author":"Udoh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"B57","volume-title":"Livestock and Fisheries Commodity Value Chain Briefs","year":"2019"},{"key":"B58","unstructured":"WHO\u2019s List of Medically Important Antimicrobials: a risk management tool for mitigating antimicrobial resistance due to non-human use\n          \n          \n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102062","article-title":"The diversity of smallholder chicken farming in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania reveals a range of underlying production constraints","volume":"101","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B60","unstructured":"WOAH List of Antimicrobial Agents of Veterinary Importance\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2024.106226","article-title":"Understanding the awareness of antimicrobial resistance amongst commercial poultry farmers in northwestern Nigeria","volume":"228","author":"Yakubu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frabi.2025.1571096\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T01:31:43Z","timestamp":1745803903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frabi.2025.1571096\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frabi.2025.1571096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frabi.2025.1571096","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-2467"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-2467","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"article-number":"1571096"}}