{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:02:58Z","timestamp":1785416578036,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Antibiot."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Strengthening antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs is a major public health strategy to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use (AMU) and averting antibiotic resistance (AMR). Evidence on AMU and AMS program implementation is widely documented in Tanzania mainland, consistent with previous studies done and other low-and middle-income countries. However, there is limited information on AMU and AMS programs to guide the implementation of the Zanzibar Action Plan on AMR. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of AMU, identify factors associated with AMU, and to assess the performance of AMS programs in pediatric wards across hospitals in Zanzibar.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This repeated cross-sectional study employed the World Health Organization Point Prevalence Survey (WHO-PPS) tool at two time points (February to April 2024 and December 2024 to May 2025), complemented by a one-time WHO-Health Care Facility Core Element Indicators Tool conducted in April 2024 to assess AMS performance. The WHO-PPS study population was children \u226413 years admitted to pediatric wards in five public hospitals in Zanzibar. Healthcare providers and AMS team members reported on Core Element Indicators. The WHO-PPS data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate modified Poisson regression, while AMS performance was computed as percentage scores per hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 943 paediatric patients, 826 (87.6%) received at least one antibiotic. Gentamicin, ampicillin, and ceftriaxone were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics. Watch-category antibiotics accounted for the majority of prescriptions (53.8%), followed by Access (45.8%) and Reserve (0.4%). Community-acquired infections were the predominant indication for antibiotic use, 60.4%, with pneumonia and sepsis being the most common diagnoses. Bacteriological culture testing was performed in only 10.9% of patients, while adherence to national treatment guidelines was 77.8%. Significant predictors of AMU included hospital tier (regional: aPR 1.39, 95%CI 1.30-1.50; and district level: aPR 1.35, 95%CI 1.26-1.46); and higher disease severity shown by ultimately fatal McCabe score, aPR 1.20, 95%CI: 1.07-1.33). The AMS program performance was below the 50% functionality threshold, with low scores observed in leadership, accountability, monitoring and surveillance, and reporting and feedback, alongside limited progress in the establishment of DTC\/IPC\/AMC committees and implementation of AMS actions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antibiotic use among admitted children was markedly prevalent, notably by the Watch category of antibiotics, and limited reliance on bacteriological culture and suboptimal AMS program performance across hospitals in Zanzibar. These findings highlight important opportunities to strengthen AMS programs and diagnostic practices. Future research should evaluate the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing and explore barriers to effective AMS implementation across hospitals in Zanzibar.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frabi.2026.1874316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:24:57Z","timestamp":1785414297000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Drivers influencing antibiotics use in pediatric wards across five public hospitals in Zanzibar: a WHO multiple point prevalence survey"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Faiza Mohamed","family":"Juma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences","place":["Mwanza, Tanzania"]},{"name":"Pediatric Department, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital","place":["Zanzibar, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abrahaman Said","family":"Msellem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences","place":["Mwanza, Tanzania"]},{"name":"Ministry of Health","place":["Zanzibar, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Mwita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice - School of Pharmacy. Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences","place":["Mwanza, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhiddin","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health","place":["Zanzibar, Tanzania"]},{"name":"Zanzibar Health Research Institute (ZAHRI)","place":["Zanzibar, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadija","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zanzibar Agriculture and Livestock Research Institute (ZALIRI)","place":["Zanzibar, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Joshua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health","place":["Zanzibar, Tanzania"]},{"name":"Zanzibar Health Research Institute (ZAHRI)","place":["Zanzibar, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahlam","family":"Amour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital","place":["Zanzibar, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafidh","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital","place":["Zanzibar, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma","family":"Hashoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital","place":["Zanzibar, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhiddin A.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital","place":["Zanzibar, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"K\u00fchnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Improvement Project Zanzibar (HIPZ)","place":["Zanzibar, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayassa Salum","family":"Ally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zanzibar Health Research Institute (ZAHRI)","place":["Zanzibar, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri (PHL-IdC)","place":["Pemba, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Solution (ICARS)","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Maza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Solution (ICARS)","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brecht","family":"Ingelbeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Solution (ICARS)","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eveline Thobias","family":"Konje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences","place":["Mwanza, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Poulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stine","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital North Zealand","place":["Hiller\u00f8d, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Seni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology - Weill-Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences","place":["Mwanza, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1629288","article-title":"Point prevalence study of antimicrobial use among hospitals across Botswana; findings and implications","volume":"17","author":"Anand Paramadhas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003170","article-title":"Establishing benchmarks for antimicrobial use in Canadian children\u2019s hospitals","volume":"40","author":"Blackburn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62651-6","article-title":"Point prevalence of evidence-based antimicrobial use among hospitalized patients in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Boltena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.5863\/1551-6776-26.7.659","article-title":"Challenges of antibiotic stewardship in the pediatric and neonatal intensive care units","volume":"26","author":"Branstetter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0380-7","article-title":"Antibiotic use on paediatric inpatients in a teaching hospital in the Gambia, a retrospective study","volume":"7","author":"Chaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"304","article-title":"The AWaRe classification and its utility to implement prescribing practice","volume-title":"Global Infection Prevention and Management in Healthcare","author":"Chikowe","year":"2024"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091122","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing patterns in Ghana, Uganda, Zambia and Tanzania hospitals: results from the Global Point Prevalence Survey (G-PPS) on antimicrobial use and stewardship interventions implemented","volume":"10","author":"D\u2019Arcy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD003543","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011236.pub2","article-title":"Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients (updated protocol)","author":"Davey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Systematic Rev"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3656-y","article-title":"Comparative point prevalence survey of antimicrobial consumption between a hospital in Northern Ireland and a hospital in Jordan","volume":"18","author":"Elhajji","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208447","article-title":"Opportunities and barriers to implementing antibiotic stewardship in low and middle-income countries: lessons from a mixed-methods study in a tertiary care hospital in Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Gebretekle","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-040295","article-title":"Antibiotic stewardship in pediatrics","volume":"147","author":"Gerber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012675","article-title":"Using a simple point-prevalence survey to define appropriate antibiotic prescribing in hospitalised children across the UK","volume":"6","author":"Gharbi","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2024.1497220","article-title":"Assessment of the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs in selected healthcare facilities in Kenya","volume":"5","author":"Gitonga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front.Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00809-3","article-title":"Point prevalence survey of antimicrobial use in three hospitals in North-Eastern Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"Horumpende","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e861","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30071-3","article-title":"Use of the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve classification to define patterns of hospital antibiotic use (AWaRe): an analysis of paediatric survey data from 56 countries","volume":"7","author":"Hsia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004777","article-title":"Serial C-Reactive Protein Point-of-Care testing to optimize antibiotic treatment in hospitalized children with signs of infection in Zanzibar: a feasibility study","volume":"5","author":"Joshua","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS Global Public Health"},{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.65329\/wjeb.v11.02.001","article-title":"Impact of antibiotics on public health","author":"Kassa","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Exp. Biosci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-023-02223-1","article-title":"Factors contributing to the variation in antibiotic prescribing among primary health care physicians: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Kasse","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Primary Care"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-023-01317-w","article-title":"Antibiotic use at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania: findings from a point prevalence survey","volume":"12","author":"Katyali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020199","article-title":"Point prevalence survey of antibiotic use across 13 hospitals in Uganda","volume":"11","author":"Kiggundu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy11050159","article-title":"A point prevalence survey of antimicrobial use at Geita Regional Referral Hospital in North-Western Tanzania","volume":"11","author":"Kihwili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacy"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlab087","article-title":"Antimicrobial use in hospitalized patients: a multicentre point prevalence survey across seven hospitals in Ghana","volume":"3","author":"Labi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlab047","article-title":"A multicentre point prevalence survey of patterns and quality of antibiotic prescribing in Indonesian hospitals","volume":"3","author":"Limato","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0592-5","article-title":"Intrinsic and external determinants of antibiotic prescribing: a multi-level path analysis of primary care prescriptions in Hubei, China","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11081035","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of antibiotic prescriptions at primary healthcare facilities in the Dodoma Region, Central Tanzania: a retrospective, cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Mabilika","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59122195","article-title":"A narrative review of recent antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care in Tanzania: findings and implications","volume":"59","author":"Massele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. (B Aires)"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5411","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S491454","article-title":"Antimicrobial use among hospitalized neonates and children; findings and implications from a comprehensive point prevalence survey among general tertiary hospitals in Pakistan","volume":"17","author":"Mustafa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4103\/atp.atp_38_17","article-title":"A point prevalence survey of antimicrobial prescribing in four Nigerian Tertiary Hospitals","volume":"8","author":"Oduyebo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Pathol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243868","article-title":"Antibiotic prescription practices among prescribers for children under five at public health centers III and IV in Mbarara district","volume":"15","author":"Okello","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.2018.1464872","article-title":"Point prevalence survey of antibiotic use and resistance at a referral hospital in Kenya: findings and implications","volume":"46","author":"Okoth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hosp. Pract."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlad062","article-title":"Drivers of inappropriate antibiotic use in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"5","author":"Otaigbe","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-021-01010-w","article-title":"Assessing the impact of the Global Point Prevalence Survey of Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance (Global-PPS) on hospital antimicrobial stewardship programmes: results of a worldwide survey","volume":"10","author":"Pauwels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.23.46.1800393","article-title":"Antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals: results from the second point prevalence survey (PPS) of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use, 2016 to 2017","volume":"23","author":"Plachouras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.10.016","article-title":"Global point prevalence survey of antimicrobial consumption in Brazilian hospitals","volume":"104","author":"Porto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infection"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060810","article-title":"Pattern of antibiotic use among hospitalized patients according to WHO Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) classification: findings from a point prevalence survey in Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"Rashid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1157542","article-title":"Pediatric antibiotic stewardship programs in Europe: a pilot survey among delegates of The European Academy of Pediatrics","volume":"11","author":"Reingold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"B14","volume-title":"Zanzibar Action Plan (ZAP) on Antimicrobial Resistance (2020-2024)","year":"2019"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040393","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in pediatric infections: global emerging threats, predicting the near future","volume":"10","author":"Romandini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11131946","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: a growing serious threat for global public health","volume":"11","author":"Salam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042819","article-title":"Antimicrobial use across six referral hospitals in Tanzania: a point prevalence survey","volume":"10","author":"Seni","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1469766","article-title":"Identifying targets for antibiotic stewardship interventions in pediatric patients in Punjab, Pakistan: point prevalence surveys using AWaRe guidance","volume":"12","author":"Sheikh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.2022.2114251","article-title":"A national, multicentre web-based point prevalence survey of antimicrobial use in community healthcare centres across South Africa and the implications","volume":"50","author":"Skosana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hosp. Pract."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0663-7","article-title":"Point prevalence survey of antimicrobial use and healthcare-associated infections in Belgian acute care hospitals: results of the Global-PPS and ECDC-PPS 2017","volume":"9","author":"Vandael","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14030266","article-title":"A regional approach to strengthening the implementation of sustainable antimicrobial stewardship programs in five countries in East, Central, and Southern Africa","volume":"14","author":"Wesangula","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"354","volume-title":"Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance","year":"2015"},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance","year":"2015"},{"key":"B24","volume-title":"WHO methodology for point prevalence survey on antibiotic use in hospitals, version 1.1","year":"2018"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Antimicrobial stewardship programmes in health-care facilities in low- and middle-income countries: a WHO practical toolkit","year":"2019"},{"key":"B16","article-title":"FAO-OIE-WHO One Health approach to AMR mitigation and safer food in the Asia-Pacific Region","volume-title":"FAO-OIE-WHO One Health approach to AMR mitigation and safer food in the Asia-Pacific Region: 29\u201330 September 2021","year":"2022"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-083444","article-title":"Surveillance of antibiotics use in inpatients at Benjamin Mkapa Zonal Referral Hospital in Dodoma, Tanzania: a point prevalence survey","volume":"14","author":"Zimbwe","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frabi.2026.1874316\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:24:59Z","timestamp":1785414299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frabi.2026.1874316\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frabi.2026.1874316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frabi.2026.1874316","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-2467"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-2467","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"article-number":"1874316"}}