{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:16:13Z","timestamp":1793812573496,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Radiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To follow disease progression in a rat model of Type 2 diabetes using multimodal MRI to assess changes in brain structure and function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Female rats (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200920) were fed a high fat\/high fructose diet or lab chow starting at 90 days of age. Diet fed rats were given streptozotocin to compromise pancreatic beta cells, while chow fed controls received vehicle. At intervals of 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, rats were tested for changes in behavior and sensitivity to pain. Brain structure and function were assessed using voxel based morphometry, diffusion weighted imaging and functional connectivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diet fed rats presented with elevated plasma glucose levels as early as 3 months and a significant gain in weight by 6 months as compared to controls. There were no significant changes in cognitive or motor behavior over the yearlong study but there was a significant increase in sensitivity to peripheral pain in diet fed rats. There were region specific decreases in brain volume e.g., basal ganglia, thalamus and brainstem in diet fed rats. These same regions showed elevated measures of water diffusivity evidence of putative vasogenic edema. By 6 months, widespread hyperconnectivity was observed across multiple brain regions. By 12 months, only the cerebellum and hippocampus showed increased connectivity, while the hypothalamus showed decreased connectivity in diet fed rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Noninvasive multimodal MRI identified site specific changes in brain structure and function in a yearlong longitudinal study of Type 2 diabetes in rats. The identified diabetic-induced neuropathological sites may serve as biomarkers for evaluating the efficacy of novel therapeutics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fradi.2025.1510850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T07:10:32Z","timestamp":1739430632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Following changes in brain structure and function with multimodal MRI in a year-long prospective study on the development of Type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Yingjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taufiq","family":"Nasseef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Rubalcaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandler","family":"Munson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Ghaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreyas","family":"Balaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeani","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepti","family":"Athreya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Kedharnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen P.","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig F.","family":"Ferris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2017","year":"2017"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1089\/pop.2015.0181","article-title":"Diabetes 2030: insights from yesterday, today, and future trends","volume":"20","author":"Rowley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Popul Health Manag"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478294","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1478294","article-title":"Insulin resistance, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and related complications 2017","volume":"2017","author":"Ndisang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.12.1683","article-title":"Midlife vascular risk factors and late-life mild cognitive impairment: a population-based study","volume":"56","author":"Kivipelto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-004-0056-z","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Luchsinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.81.2.341","article-title":"Origins and evolution of the western diet: health implications for the 21st century","volume":"81","author":"Cordain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000306313.89165.ef","article-title":"Central obesity and increased risk of dementia more than three decades later","volume":"71","author":"Whitmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2016.58928","article-title":"Obesity and inflammation: the linking mechanism and the complications","volume":"4","author":"Ellulu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)01486-3","article-title":"Ageing and diabetes: implications for brain function","volume":"441","author":"Biessels","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.3.687","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in diabetes: the cardiovascular determinants of dementia (CASCADE) study","volume":"53","author":"Schmidt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2052","article-title":"Global and regional effects of type 2 diabetes on brain tissue volumes and cerebral vasoreactivity","volume":"30","author":"Last","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1276-4","article-title":"Plasminogen kringle 5 reduces vascular leakage in the retina in rat models of oxygen-induced retinopathy and diabetes","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00588069","article-title":"MRI Of the brain in diabetes mellitus","volume":"36","author":"Araki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.04.06.db05-1323","article-title":"Brain magnetic resonance imaging correlates of impaired cognition in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"55","author":"Manschot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.01.023","article-title":"Brain imaging in type 2 diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Brundel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.007538","article-title":"Persistent cerebrovascular damage after stroke in type two diabetic rats measured by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"46","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0559-6","article-title":"Converging evidence points towards a role of insulin signaling in regulating compulsive behavior","volume":"9","author":"van de Vondervoort","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02428-3","article-title":"Evaluating bloodbrain barrier permeability in a rat model of type 2 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Qiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12140","article-title":"Using multimodal MRI to investigate alterations in brain structure and function in the BBZDR\/worrat model of type 2 diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Lawson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal Model Exp Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.45.3.292","article-title":"The BBZDR\/wor rat model for investigating the complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"45","author":"Tirabassi","year":"2004","journal-title":"ILAR J"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"FF01","article-title":"Evaluation of effect of nishamalaki on STZ and HFHF diet induced diabetic neuropathy in wistar rats","volume":"10","author":"Dawane","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18896-5","article-title":"Combination of high-fat\/high-fructose diet and low-dose streptozotocin to model long-term type-2 diabetes complications","volume":"8","author":"Barriere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B23","first-page":"8480","article-title":"Exposure to methylphenidate during periadolescence decouples the prefrontal cortex: a multimodal MRI study","volume":"13","author":"Demaree","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729464","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.729464","article-title":"Quantitative imaging of blood-brain barrier permeability following repetitive mild head impacts","volume":"12","author":"Leaston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.09.009","article-title":"Whole brain in vivo neuropathology: imaging site-specific changes in brain structure over time following trimethyltin exposure in rats","volume":"352","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0347","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy phenotyping in rat models of type 2 diabetes Mellitus: evaluating uptake of the neurodiab guidelines and identifying future directions","volume":"46","author":"Hossain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000412","article-title":"Improving bioscience research reporting: the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research","volume":"8","author":"Kilkenny","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53042-3","article-title":"Life without a brain: neuroradiological and behavioral evidence of neuroplasticity necessary to sustain brain function in the face of severe hydrocephalus","volume":"9","author":"Ferris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134565","article-title":"Treating head injury using a novel vasopressin 1a receptor antagonist","volume":"714","author":"Morrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-171273","article-title":"Evidence of neurobiological changes in the presymptomatic PINK1 knockout rat","volume":"8","author":"Ferris","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Parkinson\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.032631","article-title":"RNaset2 knockout rats exhibit hippocampal neuropathology and deficits in memory","author":"Sinkevicius","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.10.033","article-title":"In search of early neuroradiological biomarkers for Parkinson\u2019s disease: alterations in resting state functional connectivity and gray matter microarchitecture in PINK1 -\/- rats","volume":"1706","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.05.025","article-title":"Changes in brain volume in response to estradiol levels, amphetamine sensitization and haloperidol treatment in awake female rats","volume":"1618","author":"Madularu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2020.10.001","article-title":"Evidence of early vasogenic edema following minor head impact that can be reduced with a vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist","volume":"165","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0125748","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125748","article-title":"3D Segmented atlas, and computational analysis to identify gray matter subcortical lesions common to concussive injury from different sites on the cortex","volume":"10","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2019.00034","article-title":"Neuroradiological changes following single or repetitive mild TBI","volume":"13","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v3i1.13937","article-title":"Gephi: an open source software for exploring and manipulating networks","author":"Bastian","year":"2009"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.01.012","article-title":"Spontaneous motor activity in fat-fed, streptozotocin-treated rats: a nonobese model of type 2 diabetes","volume":"87","author":"Ramadan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116541","article-title":"Rosa canina L. Improves learning and memory-associated cognitive impairment by regulating glucose levels and reducing hippocampal insulin resistance in high-fat diet\/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"313","author":"Ertas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1159\/000530605","article-title":"Carnosine-based reversal of diabetes-associated cognitive decline via activation of the akt\/mTOR pathway and modulation of autophagy in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"52","author":"Ndolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0277457","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277457","article-title":"Vitamin D and rosuvastatin alleviate type-II diabetes-induced cognitive dysfunction by modulating neuroinflammation and canonical\/noncanonical wnt\/beta-catenin signaling","volume":"17","author":"Muneeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12585","article-title":"Evaluation of the neuroprotective effect of donepezil in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"35","author":"Gomaa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.05.003","article-title":"New perspectives in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"111","author":"Eid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12814","article-title":"Determination of peripheral neuropathy in high-fat diet fed low-dose streptozotocin-treated female C57Bl\/6J mice and sprague-dawley rats","volume":"9","author":"Coppey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0555","article-title":"Influence of type 2 diabetes on brain volumes and changes in brain volumes: results from the women\u2019s health initiative magnetic resonance imaging studies","volume":"36","author":"Espeland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0688-y","article-title":"Automated measurement of brain and white matter lesion volume in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"50","author":"Jongen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21224","article-title":"Gray matter prefrontal changes in type 2 diabetes detected using MRI","volume":"27","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: JMRI"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4036","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0143","article-title":"Brain atrophy in type 2 diabetes: regional distribution and influence on cognition","volume":"36","author":"Moran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.04.025","article-title":"Mapping the brain in type II diabetes: voxel-based morphometry using DARTEL","volume":"81","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2017.09.001","article-title":"Brain gray matter changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of whole-brain voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182749f02","article-title":"Cerebral small-vessel disease and progression of brain atrophy: the SMART-MR study","volume":"79","author":"Kloppenborg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3523","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0122","article-title":"Cerebral microvascular lesions on high-resolution 7-tesla MRI in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"63","author":"Brundel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0602-7","article-title":"Hippocampal damage and memory impairments as possible early brain complications of type 2 diabetes","volume":"50","author":"Gold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602501","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.602501","article-title":"White matter atrophy in type 2 diabetes Mellitus patients with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000269","article-title":"Association of type 2 diabetes with brain atrophy and cognitive impairment","volume":"82","author":"Roberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(94)00007-C","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop","volume":"20","author":"Parent","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.08.005","article-title":"Review of thalamocortical resting-state fMRI studies in schizophrenia","volume":"180","author":"Giraldo-Chica","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.3803","article-title":"Impaired glucose homeostasis in first-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Pillinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0316","article-title":"Impaired macromolecular protein pools in fronto-striato-thalamic circuits in type 2 diabetes revealed by magnetization transfer imaging","volume":"64","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.11.1454","article-title":"Magnetization transfer ratio in gray matter: a potential surrogate marker for progression in early primary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Khaleeli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2019.100782","article-title":"Brain microstructural abnormalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging studies","volume":"55","author":"Moghaddam H","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.041","article-title":"Microstructural white matter abnormalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"59","author":"Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0493","article-title":"Microstructural white matter abnormalities and cognitive functioning in type 2 diabetes: a diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"36","author":"Reijmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2017.07.001","article-title":"Brain functional alterations in type 2 diabetes\u2014a systematic review of fMRI studies","volume":"47","author":"Macpherson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-015-9700-2","article-title":"Thalamic resting-state functional connectivity: disruption in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27884","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging reveals altered topological efficiency of structural networks in type-2 diabetes patients with and without mild cognitive impairment","volume":"55","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615048","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.615048","article-title":"Alterations of brain structural network connectivity in type 2 diabetes Mellitus patients with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834319","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.834319","article-title":"Topological alterations of the brain functional network in type 2 diabetes Mellitus patients with and without mild cognitive impairment","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0414","article-title":"Compensatory hyperconnectivity in developing brains of young children with type 1 diabetes","volume":"66","author":"Saggar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05891-x","article-title":"Sex differences in type 2 diabetes","volume":"66","author":"Kautzky-Willer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0098-8","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"McIntyre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Radiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fradi.2025.1510850\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T07:10:38Z","timestamp":1739430638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fradi.2025.1510850\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fradi.2025.1510850"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fradi.2025.1510850","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-8740"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-8740","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"article-number":"1510850"}}