{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T15:20:19Z","timestamp":1784388019673,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Radiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal lesions encompass a diverse range of pathologies, including primary and secondary tumors, infectious processes, vascular malformations, traumatic injuries, and degenerative conditions, each with distinct imaging characteristics crucial for accurate diagnosis and management. Imaging plays vital roles in assessing lesion morphology, anatomical localization, and neurological impact, guiding clinical decision-making and therapeutic planning. This review systematically explores spinal lesions based on their anatomical compartments, highlighting key radiological features and providing a comprehensive reference for radiologists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fradi.2025.1577840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T05:33:20Z","timestamp":1751002400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Spinal lesions: a comprehensive radiologic overview"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Zahin","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Usman","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tausif Ahmed","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditya","family":"Gunturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brij","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zarah","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akm A.","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i10","DOI":"10.1093\/nop\/npaa049","article-title":"An overview of the tumors affecting the spine\u2014inside to out","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurooncol Pract"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2003.10.021","article-title":"Spinal tumors","volume":"50","author":"Van Goethem","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"302","article-title":"Imaging of tumors of the spine and spinal cord","volume":"60","author":"Tomura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nihon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.3390\/Life13081680","article-title":"The role of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Hussain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53486-6.00032-6","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the spine","volume":"136","author":"Bogduk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Anatomy, Back, Vertebral Column","author":"DeSai","year":"2024"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2012.08.004","article-title":"Retropharyngeal and prevertebral spaces: anatomic imaging and diagnosis","volume":"45","author":"Debnam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.51","article-title":"Contemporary management of adult intramedullary spinal tumors\u2014pathology and neurological outcomes related to surgical resection","volume":"46","author":"Manzano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-908","article-title":"Management and outcome in adult intramedullary spinal cord tumours: a 20-year single institution experience","volume":"7","author":"Bostr\u00f6m","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1549029","article-title":"Intramedullary spinal cord tumors: part I\u2014epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis","volume":"5","author":"Samartzis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"972","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of intramedullary spinal cord tumors: a series of 202 cases","volume":"56","author":"Raco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B12","article-title":"Astrocytoma","author":"Kapoor","year":"2024"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-0054-7","article-title":"Primary spinal cord glioma: a surveillance, epidemiology, and End results database study","volume":"98","author":"Milano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"76","article-title":"Intramedullary spinal cord tumors: molecular insights and surgical innovation","volume":"52","author":"Parsa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Neurosurg"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b95c6f","article-title":"Primary intramedullary tumors of the spinal cord","volume":"34","author":"Harrop","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-011-0190-2","article-title":"Adult primary intradural spinal cord tumors: a review","volume":"11","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2021.101401","article-title":"Primary spinal intramedullary astrocytomas; long-term outcomes and literature review","volume":"27","author":"AlRaddadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006466422143","article-title":"Spinal cord astrocytomas: presentation, management and outcome","volume":"47","author":"Houten","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1864","article-title":"Nonenhancing intramedullary astrocytomas and other MR imaging features: a retrospective study and systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Seo","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301179","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1301179","article-title":"Spinal ependymoma in adults: from molecular advances to new treatment perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Cerretti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.9.SPINE17494","article-title":"Spinal ependymoma in adults: a multicenter investigation of surgical outcome and progression-free survival","volume":"28","author":"Wostrack","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-022-01260-w","article-title":"Ependymoma: evaluation and management updates","volume":"24","author":"Rud\u00e0","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.SPINE09430","article-title":"Clinical presentation, histology, and treatment in 430 patients with primary tumors of the spinal cord, spinal meninges, or cauda equina","volume":"13","author":"Engelhard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-007-0243-4","article-title":"The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system","volume":"114","author":"Louis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-009-0878-7","article-title":"Imaging of ependymomas: MRI and CT","volume":"25","author":"Yuh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2020190196","article-title":"Intramedullary masses of the spinal cord: radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"40","author":"Shih","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-020-01420-4","article-title":"Spinal hemangioblastoma: surgical procedures, outcomes and review of the literature","volume":"121","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000359306.74674.C4","article-title":"Operative management of spinal hemangioblastoma","volume":"65","author":"Mandigo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2022.101631","article-title":"Spinal hemangioblastoma with syringomyelia manifesting as neurological dysfunction progressing over the course of 17 years: a case report","volume":"30","author":"Morita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2007.42.6.436","article-title":"Spinal cord hemangioblastoma\u202f: diagnosis and clinical outcome after surgical treatment","volume":"42","author":"Na","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1989.70.1.0024","article-title":"Hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system","volume":"70","author":"Neumann","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2697-0","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for central nervous system hemangioblastoma: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"137","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"287","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal-cord hemangioblastoma","volume":"6","author":"Rebner","year":"1985","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.1.0106","article-title":"Surgical management of spinal cord hemangioblastomas in patients with von Hippel\u2014Lindau disease","volume":"98","author":"Lonser","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.174.2.1740377","article-title":"MR Imaging of spinal hemangioblastoma","volume":"174","author":"Baker","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"e11614","article-title":"Spinal arteriovenous malformation: case report and review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Patchana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63640-9.00014-X","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and prognosis of spinal arteriovenous malformations","volume":"143","author":"Ozpinar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/15910199000060S131","article-title":"Vascular anatomy of the spinal cord and classification of spinal arteriovenous malformations","volume":"6","author":"Miyasaka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Interv Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B39","first-page":"2029","article-title":"Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: evaluation with MR angiography","volume":"16","author":"Bowen","year":"1995","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-38490-6_19","article-title":"Spinal trauma and spinal cord injury (SCI)","author":"van Den Hauwe","year":"2020"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ckab165.177","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab165.177","article-title":"Quality of life, health and social costs of patients with spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Diop","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000201274.59427.a4","article-title":"Predicting neurologic recovery in cervical spinal cord injury with postoperative MR imaging","volume":"31","author":"Boldin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2021.03.004","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging in spinal cord injury","volume":"32","author":"Shabani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2020.07.004","article-title":"Syringomyelia and hydromyelia: current understanding and neurosurgical management","volume":"177","author":"Leclerc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E15","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.9.FOCUS11198","article-title":"Idiopathic syringomyelia: retrospective case series, comprehensive review, and update on management","volume":"31","author":"Roy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-006-0029-5","article-title":"Unraveling the riddle of syringomyelia","volume":"29","author":"Greitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"7","article-title":"The \u201cpresyrinx\u201d state: a reversible myelopathic condition that may precede syringomyelia","volume":"20","author":"Fischbein","year":"1999","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12083019","article-title":"Syringomyelia associated with chiari 1 malformation in adults: positive outcome predictors after posterior fossa decompression with duraplasty","volume":"12","author":"Ciaramitaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B49","first-page":"44","article-title":"A population-based study of the incidence of acute spinal cord infarction","volume":"9","author":"Qureshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Neurol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2012.09.004","article-title":"Vascular diseases of the spinal cord","volume":"31","author":"Rubin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00143","article-title":"Delayed hospital presentation and neuroimaging in non-surgical spinal cord infarction","volume":"8","author":"Pikija","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.08.061","article-title":"Anterior spinal cord syndrome after initiation of treatment with atenolol","volume":"38","author":"Schneider","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.8.1113","article-title":"Spinal cord ischemia","volume":"63","author":"Novy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15910199241272610","article-title":"Role of digital subtraction angiography in acute cervical spinal cord ischemia","author":"Intikhab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interv Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000111598.78198.EC","article-title":"Long-term outcome of acute spinal cord ischemia syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Nedeltchev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.4.499","article-title":"Proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis","volume":"59","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1019132","article-title":"An approach to the diagnosis of acute transverse myelitis","volume":"28","author":"Jacob","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2023.2195095","article-title":"Current perspectives on the diagnosis and management of acute transverse myelitis","volume":"23","author":"Tisavipat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.05.045","article-title":"Atopic myelitis: a clinical, biological, radiological and histopathological diagnosis","volume":"247","author":"Gregoire","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199912)46:6%3C878::AID-ANA10%3E3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"A randomized trial of plasma exchange in acute central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease","volume":"46","author":"Weinshenker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2010.07.018","article-title":"Spine infection\/inflammation","volume":"49","author":"DeSanto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2016160031","article-title":"White matter diseases with radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"36","author":"Sarbu","year":"2016","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-018-1026-3","article-title":"Pediatric multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"18","author":"Alroughani","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2008.01026.x","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"117","author":"Myhr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824926","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.824926","article-title":"Therapeutic advances in multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.15814","article-title":"Intradural extramedullary spinal metastases from non-neurogenic primary tumors: a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Palmisciano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019180200","article-title":"Intradural extramedullary spinal neoplasms: radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"39","author":"Koeller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2024.2384541","article-title":"A review: artificial intelligence in image-guided spinal surgery","volume":"21","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CNS72","DOI":"10.2217\/cns-2021-0003","article-title":"Meningioma: not always a benign tumor. A review of advances in the treatment of meningiomas","volume":"10","author":"Maggio","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Oncol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.11.6.1749851","article-title":"Typical, atypical, and misleading features in meningioma","volume":"11","author":"Buetow","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.105.1.60","article-title":"Meningothelioma as the predominant histological subtype of midline skull base and spinal meningioma","volume":"105","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2020.12.011","article-title":"High quality and fast compressed sensing MRI reconstruction via edge-enhanced dual discriminator generative adversarial network","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15092573","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in CT and MR imaging for oncological applications","volume":"15","author":"Paudyal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E14","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC-07\/10\/E14","article-title":"Management of spinal meningiomas: surgical results and a review of the literature","volume":"23","author":"Setzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3568359","article-title":"Spinal nerves schwannomas: experience on 367 cases\u2014historic overview on how clinical, radiological, and surgical practices have changed over a course of 60 years","volume":"2017","author":"Lenzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Res Int"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4842","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29070384","article-title":"Surgical management of craniovertebral junction schwannomas: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Palmisciano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.13002","article-title":"Intracranial paragangliomas versus schwannomas: role of dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion and diffusion MRI","volume":"32","author":"Ota","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz153","article-title":"EANO Guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of vestibular schwannoma","volume":"22","author":"Goldbrunner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15041077","article-title":"Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: latest concepts in disease pathogenesis and clinical management","volume":"15","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340050814","article-title":"Spinal tumours in neurofibromatosis type 1: an MRI study of frequency, multiplicity and variety","volume":"41","author":"Thakkar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2008.02.045","article-title":"3T MRI: advances in brain imaging","volume":"67","author":"Alvarez-Linera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e929","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-19-00685","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess: diagnosis, management, and outcomes","volume":"28","author":"Schwab","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Sur"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra055111","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess","volume":"355","author":"Darouiche","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.08.001","article-title":"Fungal spinal epidural abscess: a case series of nine patients","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.17.00630","article-title":"Development of predictive algorithms for pre-treatment motor deficit and 90-day mortality in spinal epidural abscess","volume":"100","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00011954","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess: a meta-analysis of 915 patients","volume":"23","author":"Reihsaus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(99)00055-5","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess: contemporary trends in etiology, evaluation, and management","volume":"52","author":"Rigamonti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1614328","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess: a review with special emphasis on earlier diagnosis","volume":"2016","author":"Bond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2019.0369","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess: a review of presentation, management, and medicolegal implications","volume":"14","author":"Sharfman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2003.11.013","article-title":"The clinical presentation and impact of diagnostic delays on emergency department patients with spinal epidural abscess","volume":"26","author":"Davis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-002-0224-y","article-title":"Spinal hematoma: a literature survey with meta-analysis of 613 patients","volume":"26","author":"Kreppel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180532","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20180532","article-title":"MR Imaging of spinal haematoma: a pictorial review","volume":"92","author":"Moriarty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"B93","first-page":"47","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of epidural metastases","volume":"4","author":"Grossman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-012-9756-3","article-title":"Emergency neurological life support: spinal cord compression (SCC)","volume":"17","author":"O\u2019Phelan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"B95","first-page":"1293","article-title":"Clarifying the nomenclature of intervertebral disc degeneration and displacement: from bench to bedside","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.10.019","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of intervertebral disc degeneration over the entire spine in a population-based cohort: the Wakayama Spine study","volume":"22","author":"Teraguchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48074","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048074","article-title":"MRI Assessment of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration with lumbar degenerative disease using the pfirrmann grading systems","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25922","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025922","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and risk of intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"100","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3334","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-024-08152-6","article-title":"A longitudinal population-based study identifies THBS2 as a susceptibility gene for intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"33","author":"Deguchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000146457.83240.eb","article-title":"Lumbar disc degeneration","volume":"29","author":"Batti\u00e9","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010208","article-title":"Discogenic low back pain: anatomy, pathophysiology and treatments of intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"24","author":"Mohd Isa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200902000-00006","article-title":"Management of symptomatic lumbar degenerative disk disease","volume":"17","author":"Madigan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Sur"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4261-8","article-title":"Intervertebral disc herniation in elite athletes","volume":"43","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2021.04.001","article-title":"Lumbar disk herniations and radiculopathy in athletes","volume":"40","author":"Gause","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06299-6","article-title":"Multiple variants in collagen genes are associated with the susceptibility to lumbar disc herniation in the Chinese population","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0181580","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181580","article-title":"Variants of ACAN are associated with severity of lumbar disc herniation in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"12","author":"Perera","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14265","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14265","article-title":"Sequence variant at 8q24.21 associates with sciatica caused by lumbar disc herniation","volume":"8","author":"Bjornsdottir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-023-07586-8","article-title":"The role of ADAMTS6 and ADAMTS17 polymorphisms in susceptibility to lumbar disc herniation in Chinese Han population","volume":"32","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12782","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31146-6","article-title":"Associations between variants in BDNF\/BDNFOS gene and lumbar disc herniation risk among han Chinese people","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3171\/SPI\/2008\/9\/9\/285","article-title":"Herniated and spondylotic intervertebral discs of the human cervical spine: histological and immunohistological findings in 500 en bloc surgical samples","volume":"9","author":"Kokubo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815b64f5","article-title":"Progressive disc herniation","volume":"32","author":"Tampier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.03.024","article-title":"Lumbar disc herniation: diagnosis and management","volume":"136","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23816","article-title":"Relationship between degree of separation of endplate cartilage and severity of intervertebral disc herniation","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2016.06.005","article-title":"Spinal infections in children: a review","volume":"13","author":"Tyagi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Orthop"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0188470","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188470","article-title":"Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis of the elderly: characteristics and outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Courjon","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.6.1299","article-title":"Discitis and vertebral osteomyelitis in children: an 18-year review","volume":"105","author":"Fernandez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.14444\/6016","article-title":"Secondary discitis masquerading as treatment failure of primary discitis: case report and review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Katsevman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Spine Surg"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-021-01347-7","article-title":"Differentiation between infectious spondylodiscitis versus inflammatory or degenerative spinal changes: how can magnetic resonance imaging help the clinician?","volume":"126","author":"Salaffi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2010.03.015","article-title":"The MRI appearances of early vertebral osteomyelitis and discitis","volume":"65","author":"Dunbar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06603-z","article-title":"MRI And clinical features of acute fungal discitis\/osteomyelitis","volume":"30","author":"Simeone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2023.100282","article-title":"Advances in diagnosis and management of atypical spinal infections: a comprehensive review","volume":"16","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Am Spine Soc J"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_233_16","article-title":"Management of postoperative discitis: a review of 31 patients","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B123","first-page":"e52620","article-title":"Management of refractory post-operative osteomyelitis and discitis: a case report","volume":"16","author":"DeLong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e943168","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.943168","article-title":"Differentiation of native vertebral osteomyelitis: a comprehensive review of imaging techniques and future applications","volume":"30","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2019.04.006","article-title":"The role of 18F-FDG PET\/CT in early infectious discitis: a case report after a negative MRI","volume":"14","author":"Frag\u00edo-Gil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5603\/RPOR.a2023.0009","article-title":"Vertebral hemangioma \u2014 the current radiation therapy perspective","volume":"28","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rep Pract Oncol Radiother"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-024-04799-5","article-title":"Vertebral hemangiomas: a review on diagnosis and management","volume":"19","author":"Kato","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(98)00007-X","article-title":"Vertebral hemangiomas: diagnosis, management, natural history and clinicopathological correlates in 86 patients","volume":"50","author":"Pastushyn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-201111000-00004","article-title":"Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma","volume":"19","author":"Atesok","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13122006","article-title":"Primary benign neoplasms of the spine","volume":"13","author":"Ariyaratne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.5334\/jbsr.1410","article-title":"Imaging of malignant primitive tumors of the spine","volume":"102","author":"Mechri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Belg Soc Radiol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CMO.S10099","DOI":"10.4137\/CMO.S10099","article-title":"Spinal osteosarcoma","volume":"7","author":"Katonis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Oncol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s43465-019-00008-2","article-title":"Principles of management of spine metastasis","volume":"54","author":"Kurisunkal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"key":"B134","first-page":"1","article-title":"Imaging of spinal metastatic disease","volume":"2011","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400917699426","article-title":"Multiple myeloma of the spine","volume":"30","author":"Lasocki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases11010042","article-title":"Primary bone lymphoma: a review of the literature with emphasis on histopathology and histogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Kanavos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.131140","article-title":"Imaging of vertebral fractures","volume":"18","author":"Panda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.4.716","article-title":"Incidence of vertebral fracture in Europe: results from the European prospective osteoporosis study (EPOS)","volume":"17","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.4103\/ams.ams_54_17","article-title":"Features of prevertebral disease in patients presenting to a head and neck surgery clinic with neck pain","volume":"7","author":"Jalisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2023.100275","article-title":"Imaging in spinal infections: current status and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Dhodapkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Am Spine Soc J"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.14-5-542","article-title":"Metastatic spinal cord compression: a rare but important complication of cancer","volume":"14","author":"Robson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Med"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.10050.1","article-title":"Recent advances in the management of liposarcoma","volume":"5","author":"Nassif","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.2930370107","article-title":"Presenting symptoms of neoplastic spinal cord compression","volume":"37","author":"Copeman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bcr2013202277","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-202277","article-title":"Acute prevertebral abscess secondary to infected pancreatic pseudocyst","volume":"2014","author":"Bhandarkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100137879","article-title":"Retropharyngeal abscess: a clinical review","volume":"111","author":"Goldenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-023-04101-x","article-title":"Life-threatening complication of retropharyngeal abscess in an infant: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Rehman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"B147","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acinetobacter prevertebral abscess: presenting as dysphagia in a diabetic patient","volume":"2018","author":"Manmathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep Infect Dis"},{"key":"B148","first-page":"e3446","article-title":"Two cases with incidental finding of large asymptomatic intradural lumbar tumors","volume":"10","author":"Hartman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2008.09.010","article-title":"Incidental findings on MRI of the spine","volume":"64","author":"Kamath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E17","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.9.FOCUS11207","article-title":"Incidental vertebral lesions","volume":"31","author":"Coumans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.25259\/JCIS_50_2019","article-title":"Incidental extraspinal findings in the thoracic spine during magnetic resonance imaging of intervertebral discs","volume":"9","author":"Zidan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Imaging Sci"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.53.77","article-title":"Incidental detection of thyroid nodules at magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010090","article-title":"Are congenital cervical block vertebrae a risk factor for adjacent segment disease? A retrospective cross-sectional CT and MR imaging study","volume":"12","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"B154","first-page":"e18812","article-title":"Congenital cervical hemivertebrae and block vertebrae in a 43-year-old male","volume":"13","author":"Freitas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568218801016","article-title":"Butterfly vertebrae: a systematic review of the literature and analysis","volume":"9","author":"Katsuura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.25431","article-title":"Use of MRI and FDG-PET\/CT to predict fixation of advanced hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma to prevertebral space","volume":"41","author":"Meerwein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5181","article-title":"MRI And US in the evaluation of fetal anomalies: the need to work together","volume":"37","author":"Bernardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheum.2016.048","article-title":"An overview and management of osteoporosis","volume":"4","author":"Sozen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180774","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20180774","article-title":"Quantitative diagnosis of osteoporosis using lumbar spine signal intensity in magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"92","author":"Shayganfar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"B160","first-page":"77","article-title":"Modic changes in adults with chronic low back pain in north central Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Oyinloye","year":"2017","journal-title":"J West Afr Coll Surg"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0758-y","article-title":"Modic changes: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00198072","article-title":"Bone island (enostosis): current concept\u202f? a review","volume":"24","author":"Greenspan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.26574\/maedica.2021.16.2.318","article-title":"An unexpected location of enostosis, a pediatric \u201cNever Mind\u201d bone lesion","volume":"16","author":"Nistikoulis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Maedica J Clin Med"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0720-048X(98)00049-7","article-title":"Skeletal benign bone-forming lesions","volume":"27","author":"Cerase","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Radiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fradi.2025.1577840\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T05:33:23Z","timestamp":1751002403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fradi.2025.1577840\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"references-count":164,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fradi.2025.1577840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fradi.2025.1577840","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-8740"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-8740","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"article-number":"1577840"}}