{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T12:26:27Z","timestamp":1770812787144,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Radiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the technical feasibility and preliminary outcomes of percutaneous thrombin injection with intra-arterial balloon protection to treat iatrogenic puncture site pseudoaneurysm (IPA) following neurovascular intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The data of eight patients treated for IPAs following neurointerventions at a single institution between 2021 and 2024 were retrospectively reviewed. Three, two, and three patients were treated with ultrasound-guided thrombin injection (UGTI), covered stents, and thrombin injection with intra-arterial balloon protection, respectively. The patients treated with thrombin injection with intra-arterial balloon protection were included in the analysis. Two of these IPA cases involved the femoral artery, and one involved the brachial artery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Technical success, defined as complete thrombosis of the pseudoaneurysm sac with preservation of the parent artery, was achieved in all cases. No procedure-related complications, such as distal embolism or parent artery occlusion, were observed. Antiplatelet therapy was continued without interruption, and the technique remained effective in one patient with mild thrombocytopenia. Follow-up ultrasonography at one day and one week confirmed the absence of recurrence and maintained patency of the parent artery. Furthermore, no symptoms of limb ischemia were observed immediately, one-day, three days, one-week and one-month clinical follow-up period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Percutaneous thrombin injection combined with intra-arterial balloon protection is a technically feasible and potentially safe method for managing IPAs, particularly in patients requiring uninterrupted antiplatelet therapy. Use of the distal radial approach for balloon access may further reduce puncture-site complications. Larger, prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings and to compare this technique with established treatment modalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fradi.2026.1695420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T06:51:33Z","timestamp":1770792693000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Percutaneous thrombin injection with intra-arterial balloon protection for iatrogenic puncture site pseudoaneurysm: a case series"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Chiu-Shih","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University","place":["Kaohsiung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang-Hsien","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University","place":["Kaohsiung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan-Ching","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University","place":["Kaohsiung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ho-Fai","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD004981","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004981.pub4","article-title":"Treatment for femoral 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