{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:28:11Z","timestamp":1787027291604,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Radiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Therapeutic hypothermia is currently considered the standard treatment for neonates diagnosed with moderate or severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in high-resource settings, improving survival rates and reducing long-term disability. Consequently, this treatment is increasingly performed in non-pediatric hospitals with intensive neonatal care units. Magnetic resonance imaging plays a fundamental role in assessing the extent of brain injury and represents a key prognostic tool in these patients who present to the neuroradiologist with critical care condition. As the current literature on this topic is flourishing, in this study, we aim to provide a practical guide to the non-pediatric neuroradiologist by summarizing protocols, characteristic radiological findings, and recommendations for ensuring optimal imaging timing by revising published studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fradi.2026.1722473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T06:33:22Z","timestamp":1771310002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neuroimaging of neonatal brain post therapeutic hypothermia: a practical guide to the non-pediatric neuroradiologist"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Di Stasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona","place":["Salerno, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Plantulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona","place":["Salerno, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicia Filomena","family":"Varsalone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona","place":["Salerno, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianpiero","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona","place":["Salerno, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Paolella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Neuroradiology, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale Santobono Pausilipon","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Frauenfelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona","place":["Salerno, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Di Stasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Presidio Ospedaliero San Luca","place":["Vallo Della Lucania, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Taglialatela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona","place":["Salerno, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Corbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona","place":["Salerno, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele Giuseppe","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona","place":["Salerno, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6653","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12206653","article-title":"Advances in therapies to treat neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"12","author":"Ranjan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1053\/j.nainr.2011.07.004","article-title":"Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: pathophysiology and experimental treatments","volume":"11","author":"Allen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Newborn Infant Nurs Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114181","article-title":"Practice variations for therapeutic hypothermia in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: an international survey","volume":"274","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fmac016","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmac016","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy in low- and middle-income countries: a literature review","volume":"68","author":"Diggikar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2021.101257","article-title":"Newborn brain society guidelines and publications committee. Unanswered questions regarding therapeutic hypothermia for neonates with neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"26","author":"Sabir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD003311","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003311.pub3","article-title":"Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy","volume":"2013","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.198","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia translates from ancient history in to practice","volume":"81","author":"Gunn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04030","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.04030","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia in neonatal hypoxic encephalopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Mathew","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199710200-00033","article-title":"Post-hypoxic hypothermia reduces cerebrocortical release of NO and excitotoxins","volume":"8","author":"Thoresen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00040","article-title":"The mechanisms and treatment of asphyxial encephalopathy","volume":"8","author":"Wassink","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.07.034","article-title":"Randomized trial of systemic hypothermia selectively protects the cortex on MRI in term hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"145","author":"Inder","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2021.101304","article-title":"Neuroimaging in the term newborn with neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"26","author":"Wisnowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318253d589","article-title":"Impact of therapeutic hypothermia on MRI diffusion changes in neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"78","author":"Bednarek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxx161","article-title":"Imaging the term neonatal brain","volume":"23","author":"Sorokan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.09.003","article-title":"Perinatal events and early magnetic resonance imaging in therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"158","author":"Bonifacio","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073819841717","article-title":"Correlation between white matter injury identified by neonatal diffusion tensor imaging and neurodevelopmental outcomes following term neonatal asphyxia and therapeutic hypothermia: an exploratory pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Gerner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1448773","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: magnetic resonance imaging findings and neurological outcomes in a Brazilian cohort","volume":"32","author":"Procianoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2010.05.008","article-title":"Clinical management of the baby with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy","volume":"86","author":"Azzopardi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03364-1","article-title":"Association of cerebral activity with MRI scans in infants with neonatal encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"178","author":"Shany","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1976.00500100030012","article-title":"Neonatal encephalopathy following fetal distress. A clinical and electroencephalographic study","volume":"33","author":"Sarnat","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70295-9","article-title":"Assessment of brain tissue injury after moderate hypothermia in neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy: a nested substudy of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Rutherford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7121","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237121","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia and its role in preserving brain volume in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia","volume":"13","author":"Garc\u00eda Arias","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02453-6","article-title":"Variations in care of neonates during therapeutic hypothermia: call for care practice bundle implementation","volume":"94","author":"Mohammad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03258-5","article-title":"Insights from serial magnetic resonance imaging in neonatal encephalopathy in term infants","volume":"95","author":"Sotelo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12629","article-title":"The aetiology of neonatal seizures and the diagnostic contribution of neonatal cerebral magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"57","author":"Weeke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2006.02.009","article-title":"3.0T versus 1.5T pediatric brain imaging","volume":"16","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2025.01.021","article-title":"Consensus approach for standardization of the timing of brain magnetic resonance imaging and classification of brain injury in neonates with neonatal encephalopathy\/hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a Canadian perspective","volume":"166","author":"Mohammad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2708","article-title":"Brain perfusion in asphyxiated newborns treated with therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"32","author":"Wintermark","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-018-4283-9","article-title":"Cerebral oxygen metabolism during and after therapeutic hypothermia in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a feasibility study using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"49","author":"Shetty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-03986-2","article-title":"Neonatal encephalopathy and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: the state of the art","author":"Chakkarapani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-016-2042-1","article-title":"Neuroimaging in neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"83","author":"Krishnan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"143","article-title":"Prediction of neuromotor outcome in perinatal asphyxia: evaluation of MR scoring systems","volume":"19","author":"Barkovich","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24410","article-title":"Susceptibility-weighted imaging in pediatric neuroimaging","volume":"40","author":"Bosemani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12030645","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in (near-)term infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"12","author":"Parmentier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02580-8","article-title":"Differences between early and late MRI in infants with neonatal encephalopathy following therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"94","author":"Garvey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.29709","article-title":"The role of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in neonatal and fetal brain research","volume":"61","author":"Hui","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2021.109724","article-title":"Brain MRI after therapeutic hypothermia in asphyxiated newborns: predictive value at one year of imaging features","volume":"139","author":"Brocard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e043852","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043852","article-title":"Integrating neuroimaging biomarkers into the multicentre, high-dose erythropoietin for asphyxia and encephalopathy (HEAL) trial: rationale, protocol and harmonisation","volume":"11","author":"Wisnowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11110213","article-title":"MR imaging and outcome of term neonates with perinatal asphyxia: value of diffusion-weighted MR imaging and 1H MR spectroscopy","volume":"261","author":"Alderliesten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2009.10.003","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging of the newborn brain\u2014a technical review","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e415","DOI":"10.5114\/pjr.2021.108165","article-title":"Arterial spin labeling in neonatal magnetic resonance imaging\u2014first experience and new observations","volume":"86","author":"Bekiesi\u0144ska-Figatowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pol J Radiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12646","article-title":"White matter tract integrity and developmental outcome in newborn infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treated with hypothermia","volume":"57","author":"Massaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.247468","article-title":"Resting-state network complexity and magnitude changes in neonates with severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.27154","article-title":"Automated neuroprognostication via machine learning in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"97","author":"Lewis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04156-0","article-title":"Shifting outlooks after neonatal encephalopathy in the era of therapeutic hypothermia","author":"Christoffel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1177\/19714009241303149","article-title":"Principles of a controlled imaging environment for neonatal brain MRI: strategies for optimal image quality and safety","volume":"38","author":"Ebinesh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415603","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1415603","article-title":"MRI scan with the \u201cfeed and wrap\u201d technique and with an optimized anesthesia protocol: a retrospective analysis of a single-center experience","volume":"12","author":"Moltoni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14307","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of intranasal dexmedetomidine together with midazolam for sedation in neonatal MRI","volume":"32","author":"Inserra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000003086","article-title":"Combination of intranasal dexmedetomidine and midazolam for sedation in pediatric magnetic resonance imaging: a retrospective observational study","volume":"40","author":"Palmese","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821f442d","article-title":"Predicting motor outcome and death in term hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"76","author":"Martinez-Biarge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2004.10.011","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"81","author":"Rutherford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2822","article-title":"Patterns of cerebral injury and neurodevelopmental outcomes after symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia","volume":"122","author":"Burns","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.06.010","article-title":"Placental pathology in full-term infants with hypoxic-ischemic neonatal encephalopathy and association with magnetic resonance imaging pattern of brain injury","volume":"163","author":"Harteman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2019.04.006","article-title":"The brain\u2019s kryptonite: overview of punctate white matter lesions in neonates","volume":"77","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"B55","first-page":"41","article-title":"Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: pathogenesis and neuropathology","volume":"53","author":"Radulova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Akush Ginekol (Sofiia)"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185119900442","article-title":"Pontine and cerebellar injury in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: MRI features and clinical outcomes","volume":"61","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-010-0674-9","article-title":"Patterns of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury","volume":"52","author":"de Vries","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15453","article-title":"Mammillary body abnormalities and cognitive outcomes in children cooled for neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"65","author":"Spencer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01436-3","article-title":"Mammillary body injury in neonatal encephalopathy: a multicentre, retrospective study","volume":"92","author":"Lequin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2011.09.001","article-title":"MR Imaging workup of inborn errors of metabolism of early postnatal onset","volume":"19","author":"Patay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e267","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0935","article-title":"Early features in neuroimaging of two siblings with molybdenum cofactor deficiency","volume":"133","author":"Higuchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"484","article-title":"Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency: MR imaging features","volume":"23","author":"Dublin","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-011-2253-6","article-title":"Urea cycle disorders: brain MRI and neurological outcome","volume":"42","author":"Bireley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/jimd.12072","article-title":"Brain imaging in classic nonketotic hyperglycinemia: quantitative analysis and relation to phenotype","volume":"42","author":"Stence","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.4102\/sajr.v28i1.2810","article-title":"Mimickers of hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury in term neonates: what the radiologist should know","volume":"28","author":"Misser","year":"2024","journal-title":"SA J Radiol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/197140091302600204","article-title":"Brain MRI findings as an important diagnostic clue in glutaric aciduria type 1","volume":"26","author":"Nunes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.07.003","article-title":"Early magnetic resonance imaging predicts 30-month outcomes after therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"238","author":"Bach","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000445580.65983.d2","article-title":"Executive summary: neonatal encephalopathy and neurologic outcome, second edition. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 task force on neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"123","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-024-01874-x","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia for preterm infants 34\u201335 weeks gestational age with neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2021.101274","article-title":"Neurological and developmental outcomes following neonatal encephalopathy treated with therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"26","author":"Marlow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2007.08.027","article-title":"Prognostic value of MR in term neonates with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopath: MRI score and spectroscopy. About 26 cases","volume":"15","author":"Meyer-Witte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.09.043","article-title":"A novel magnetic resonance imaging score predicts neurodevelopmental outcome after perinatal asphyxia and therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"192","author":"Weeke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-017-3893-y","article-title":"A validated clinical MRI injury scoring system in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"47","author":"Trivedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1159\/000522629","article-title":"Outcome prediction and inter-rater comparison of four brain magnetic resonance imaging scoring systems of infants with perinatal asphyxia and therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"119","author":"Langeslag","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2019.12.018","article-title":"In clinical practice, cerebral MRI in newborns is highly predictive of neurodevelopmental outcome after therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"25","author":"Tharmapoopathy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.17598","article-title":"Predictors for development of asphyxiated neonates treated with therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"114","author":"K\u00fchne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e223262","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.223262","article-title":"Correlating quantitative MRI-based apparent diffusion coefficient metrics with 24-month neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates from the HEAL trial","volume":"308","author":"Calabrese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.4103\/jpn.JPN_25_19","article-title":"Early post-cooling brain magnetic resonance for the prediction of neurodevelopmental outcome in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"14","author":"Mastrangelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.08.1321","article-title":"Imaging findings in neonatal hypoxia: a practical review","volume":"192","author":"Heinz","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.282075066","article-title":"Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: imaging findings from birth to adulthood","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.344130080","article-title":"MR imaging of hypoxic-ischemic injury in term neonates: pearls and pitfalls","volume":"34","author":"Ghei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2014.0010","article-title":"Susceptibility weighted imaging: differentiating between calcification and hemosiderin","volume":"48","author":"Barbosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiol Bras"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2019.01.005","article-title":"Punctate white-matter lesions in the full-term newborn: underlying aetiology and outcome","volume":"23","author":"Hayman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2011.12.004","article-title":"Susceptibility weighted imaging of the neonatal brain","volume":"67","author":"Meoded","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2021.05.003","article-title":"Pearls and pitfalls in arterial spin labeling perfusion-weighted imaging in clinical pediatric imaging","volume":"43","author":"Kerner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound CT MR"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04448-5","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in neonatal encephalopathy: current consensus position and future opportunities","author":"Laptook","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Radiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fradi.2026.1722473\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T06:33:24Z","timestamp":1771310004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fradi.2026.1722473\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fradi.2026.1722473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fradi.2026.1722473","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-8740"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-8740","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"article-number":"1722473"}}