{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:30:26Z","timestamp":1753893026936,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Adolesc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Childhood Opportunity Index (COI) is a relatively new measure for assessing opportunity across education, health and environment, and socio-economic context. Research indicates that higher COI is associated with lower obesity risk; however, existing research offers no evidence for differences, or lack thereof, across racial\/ethnic groups. The larger body of research on the relationship between neighborhood environments and obesity risk among Hispanic children with low-income between 5 and 11-year-olds is limited. The study aims to further explore the relationship between neighborhood opportunities, measured by the COI, and children's body mass index <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>-scores (BMIz), adjusted for age and sex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data are from a sample of Hispanic child-parent dyads (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009253) who participated in a 1-year family lifestyle intervention. A linear mixed-effects model was fitted, with BMIz as the dependent variable, COI categorized into four levels, time, parent BMI, family income, adult education, child age, child sex, calories, language spoken in the household, physical activity, group condition, and a time*group condition interaction. Predicted probabilities were also produced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After adjusting for covariates, children in the second (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2212.15, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.27, \u22120.03), third (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2212.19, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.31, \u22120.06), and fourth (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2212.15, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.28, \u22120.02) quartiles of the COI quartiles had significantly lower BMIz compared to those in the first (lowest) COI quartile. Predicted probabilities show the different predictive margins of BMIz at each time point for each quartile compared to the first quartile.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>All the higher COI levels were linked to healthier weight status compared to the lowest COI level, though the pattern was not linear for any of the observed associations. Further investigation into the impact of different COI levels may be warranted to assess each quartile's impact against each other, which was outside the scope of the current study. Results also provide evidence for potentially strengthening intervention supports for those at the lowest COI level, respective to those from all other COI levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fradm.2025.1547910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T13:21:13Z","timestamp":1747142473000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relationship between child opportunity index and body mass index z-score: a mixed-effects analysis with data from a lifestyle intervention with Hispanic children"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Christian E.","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Swasati","family":"Handique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zenong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Parra-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Prevalence of Childhood Obesity in the United States","year":"2022","key":"B1"},{"volume-title":"Concentration of Poverty in the New Millennium: Changes in Prevalence, Composition, and Location of High Poverty Neighborhoods","year":"2004","author":"Jargowsky","key":"B2"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199964482.001.0001","volume-title":"Childhood Obesity and the \u201cObesogenic Environment\u201d, Childhood Obesity: Ethical and Policy Issues","author":"Voigt","year":"2014"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424968","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1424968","article-title":"Trends and disparities in the prevalence of childhood obesity in south Texas between 2009 and 2015","author":"Foster","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297391","DOI":"10.3389\/fradm.2024.1297391","article-title":"Risk factors for overweight and obesity in Mexican American children and adolescents living on the Texas\u2013Mexico border","volume":"2","author":"Low","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Adolesc Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2018.0044","article-title":"Do neighborhoods matter? 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