{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:55:47Z","timestamp":1791982547905,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Adolesc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adolescent development and substance use disorder recovery unfold within diverse contexts, where recovery capital is key to planning. This study examined the relationship between social and personal recovery capital, community recovery capital, and cannabis and alcohol use among adolescents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this cross\u2013sectional study, 416 students from 20 U.S. recovery high schools reported their past 90\u2013day alcohol and cannabis use and completed the Assessment of Recovery Capital (adapted for youth readability). Student data were merged with data from the Recovery Ecosystem Index, which measures county\u2013level recovery ecosystem, using each high school's county as a proxy for residence. Zero\u2013inflated Poisson regression models estimated the odds of abstinence and substance use days, with recovery capital and recovery ecosystem index as predictors, while accounting for age, race, gender, and duration of enrollment (\u226590 days).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 378 (91%) and 360 (87%) students who provided alcohol and cannabis use data and were subsequently included in each model, respectively. Students, 47% female and 60% White person\/persons\/people, reported alcohol (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092.0; SD\u2009=\u20098.1) and cannabis (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> = 6.0; SD\u2009=\u200918.0) use days, with most reporting zero days of use (284 and 266). The results indicated that the recovery capital score was positively associated with alcohol abstinence [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)\u2009=\u20091.03; 95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20091.01\u20131.06; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02] and cannabis abstinence (aOR\u2009=\u20091.03; 95% 1.01\u20131.06; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01). As recovery capital increased, adolescents reported fewer alcohol use days [incidence rate ratio (IRR)\u2009=\u20090.93, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.93\u20130.94; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001] and fewer cannabis use days (IRR\u2009=\u20090.95; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.95\u20130.96, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). The recovery ecosystem index was not associated with alcohol or cannabis abstinence, but days of alcohol use (IRR\u2009=\u20091.12; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.04\u20131.22, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01) and cannabis use (IRR\u2009=\u20091.10; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.05\u20131.15; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) increased as the index increased.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings suggest that greater recovery capital is linked to greater alcohol and cannabis abstinence among recovery high school students. Unexpected was that a higher recovery ecosystem index score was associated with more substance use days. Youth\u2013focused recovery supports could benefit from examining how changes in individual recovery capital influence service usage and how service usage, in turn, impacts recovery capital. There is also the need for a youth\u2013tailored recovery ecosystem measure which focuses on factors unique to their developmental phase.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fradm.2025.1567567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T05:49:08Z","timestamp":1749793748000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Recovery capital, the recovery ecosystem, and substance use among recovery high school students"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Jordan","family":"Jurinsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane S.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna A.","family":"Riccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Finch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily A.","family":"Hennessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.3.06","article-title":"Recovery and youth: an integrative review","volume":"40","author":"Finch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"18","article-title":"Substance use in the context of adolescent development","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Adolescent Substance Abuse","author":"Schulenberg","year":"2015"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S290","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2243D","article-title":"A developmental perspective on alcohol and youths 16 to 20 years of age","volume":"121","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845","volume-title":"The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"1979"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60072-5","article-title":"Adolescence: a foundation for future health","volume":"379","author":"Sawyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"36","article-title":"A developmental perspective on substance involvement from adolescence to emerging adulthood","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Adolescent Substance Abuse","author":"Jackson","year":"2015"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.15288\/jsas.2002.s14.54","article-title":"A developmental perspective on alcohol use and heavy drinking during adolescence and the transition to young adulthood","author":"Schulenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Suppl"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"A focus on adolescent substance use in Europe, Central Asia and Canada. Health behaviour in school-aged children international report from the 2021\/2022 survey. Volume 3. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe","author":"Charrier","year":"2024"},{"key":"B9","article-title":"Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975\u20132022: secondary school students. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan","author":"Miech","year":"2023"},{"key":"B10","article-title":"Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975\u20132023: overview and detailed results for secondary school students. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan","author":"Miech","year":"2024"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146511433507","article-title":"Drinking, socioemotional functioning, and academic progress in secondary school","volume":"53","author":"Crosnoe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146517702421","article-title":"Emerging adulthood, emergent health lifestyles: sociodemographic determinants of trajectories of smoking, binge drinking, obesity, and sedentary behavior","volume":"58","author":"Daw","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106400","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of youth poly-substance use in the COMPASS study","volume":"107","author":"Zuckermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"716","article-title":"Adolescent cultural contexts for substance use: intergroup dynamics, family processes, and neighborhood risks","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Adolescent Substance Abuse","author":"Schwartz","year":"2015"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119125556.devpsy319","article-title":"Substance use and substance use disorders","volume-title":"Developmental Psychopathology","author":"Chassin","year":"2016"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.028","article-title":"Prevalence and pathways of recovery from drug and alcohol problems in the United States population: implications for practice, research, and policy","volume":"181","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2017.1354378","article-title":"Recovery high schools: effect of schools supporting recovery from substance use disorders","volume":"44","author":"Finch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2018.1515352","article-title":"Defining and operationalizing the phenomena of recovery: a working definition from the recovery science research collaborative","volume":"27","author":"Ashford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Res Theory"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.21090963","article-title":"De\ufb01ning recovery from alcohol use disorder: development of an NIAAA research de\ufb01nition","volume":"179","author":"Hagman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15732","article-title":"The science of recovery capital: where do we go from here?","volume":"117","author":"Best","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2017.1297990","article-title":"Recovery capital: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Hennessy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict Res Theory"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2023.2245323","article-title":"Measuring recovery capital for people recovering from alcohol and drug addiction: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Bunaciu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addict Res Theory"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2018.1540694","article-title":"RCAM: a proposed model of recovery capital for adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Hennessy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Res Theory"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20220809-05","article-title":"Recovery ecosystems: a whole health approach to substance use prevention and treatment","volume":"60","author":"Mumba","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2019.1571191","article-title":"Building recovery ready communities: the recovery ready ecosystem model and community framework","volume":"28","author":"Ashford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Res Theory"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828X.2012.751269","article-title":"Continuing care in high schools: a descriptive study of recovery high school programs","volume":"23","author":"Finch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse"},{"key":"B27","article-title":"Recovery high schools growth chart: 1979-2021. Association of Recovery Schools","author":"Finch","year":"2021"},{"key":"B28","article-title":"National drug control strategy. The white house, executive office of the president","year":"2022"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522678","DOI":"10.3389\/fradm.2025.1522678","article-title":"A systematic review of recovery high schools and collegiate recovery programs for building recovery capital among adolescents and emerging adults","volume":"3","author":"Hennessy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Adolesc Med"},{"key":"B30","first-page":"109","article-title":"Net benefits of recovery high schools: higher cost but increased sobriety and increased probability of high school graduation","volume":"22","author":"Weimer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ment Health Policy Econ"},{"key":"B31","article-title":"East Tennessee state university, the fletcher group, ETSU\/NORC rural health equity research center. Recovery ecosystem index map","year":""},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/29767342241262125","article-title":"Associations between drug overdose mortality and recovery ecosystems in the United States: a county-level analysis using a novel index","volume":"46","author":"Wahlquist","year":"2024","journal-title":"Subst Use Addict J"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2012.00489.x","article-title":"The assessment of recovery capital: properties and psychometrics of a measure of addiction recovery strengths","volume":"32","author":"Groshkova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"B34","article-title":"Global appraisal of individual needs\u2014short screener (GAIN-SS): administration and scoring manual","author":"Dennis","year":""},{"key":"B35","article-title":"Responding to Appalachian voices: steps in developing substance-use recovery ecosystems","author":"Behringer","year":"2020"},{"key":"B36","volume-title":"Multilevel Analysis an Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling","author":"Snijders","year":"1999"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v027.i08","article-title":"Regression models for count data in R","volume":"27","author":"Zeileis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Stat Software"},{"key":"B38","article-title":"R: a langauge and environment for statistical computing","year":""},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","article-title":"Mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"van Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Software"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.329","article-title":"Multiple imputation by chained equations: what is it and how does it work?","volume":"20","author":"Azur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257641","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1257641","article-title":"Adolescent storm and stress: a 21st century evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Buchanan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B42","first-page":"257","volume-title":"The Good Teen: Rescuing Adolescence From the Myths of the Storm and Stress Years","author":"Lerner","year":"2007"},{"key":"B43","first-page":"504","article-title":"Adolescent resilience: promoting more positive outcomes among youth at risk of using and abusing substances","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Adolescent Substance Abuse","author":"Hurd","year":"2015"},{"key":"B44","article-title":"The straight AA students; welcome to Boston\u2019s pioneering William J Ostiguy High School for teenage alcoholics and addicts, where 12-step recovery is on the timetable and the students learn to live clean and sober","author":"Mulkerrins","year":""},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1300\/J160v01n01_07","article-title":"Natural recovery from substance dependency: lessons for treatment providers","volume":"1","author":"Cloud","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Soc Work Pract Addict"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080802289762","article-title":"Conceptualizing recovery capital: expansion of a theoretical construct","volume":"43","author":"Cloud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2019.1657148","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the assessment of recovery capital (ARC) instrument in a diverse low-income sample","volume":"55","author":"Bowen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.022","article-title":"Development and validation of a brief assessment of recovery capital (BARC-10) for alcohol and drug use disorder","volume":"177","author":"Vilsaint","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.025","article-title":"Exploring recovery capital among adolescents in an alternative peer group","volume":"199","author":"Nash","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2022.2114076","article-title":"\u201cA lot better than it used to be\u201d: a qualitative study of adolescents\u2019 dynamic social recovery capital","volume":"31","author":"Jurinsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict Res Theory"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828X.2020.1766619","article-title":"Young people\u2019s perceptions of the 12-steps\u2019 role in supporting their recovery (or not)","volume":"28","author":"Nash","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.02.019","article-title":"Can 12-step group participation strengthen and extend the benefits of adolescent addiction treatment? A prospective analysis","volume":"110","author":"Kelly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.023","article-title":"Do young people benefit from AA as much, and in the same ways, as adult aged 30+? A moderated multiple mediation analysis","volume":"143","author":"Hoeppner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Adolescent Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fradm.2025.1567567\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T05:49:11Z","timestamp":1749793751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fradm.2025.1567567\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fradm.2025.1567567"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fradm.2025.1567567","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-8589"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-8589","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"article-number":"1567567"}}