{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T07:35:36Z","timestamp":1774596936122,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA047906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA047906"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Adolesc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased cannabis use in young adults may influence brain health and neurodevelopment. In the context of chronic HIV-associated neuroinflammation, however, mild cannabis use may attenuate negative outcomes through anti-inflammatory effects. More frequent cannabis use may remain deleterious to both young adults with HIV (YWH) and without HIV (YWoH). We explored cross-sectional associations between cannabis use frequency and cognitive performance in YWH and YWoH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants aged 18\u201324 included 38 YWH and 61 YWoH (32% White) who completed cognitive tests of verbal memory, processing speed, working memory, executive functions, and overall fluid cognition. Timeline follow-back interviews assessed days of cannabis use (past 30, 180 and 365 days). Primary analyses focused on 30-day use, categorized as: no use, mild\/moderate (1\u2013&amp;lt;5 days used\/week) and heavy (\u22655 days used\/week). Generalized estimating equations modeled associations of HIV, cannabis use category, and their interaction with cognitive outcomes; trend analyses used cannabis frequency as a continuous variable. Due to group differences in proportion of females, sex differences could not be addressed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>YWH had worse performance than YWoH in fluid cognition, memory, processing speed, and executive functioning. Adjusting for HIV status, heavy 30-day use, vs. no use, was associated with worse performance on fluid cognition, immediate and delayed word list recall, processing speed and executive functions. Relative to mild\/moderate use, heavy use was associated with worse immediate and delayed story recall and executive functions. Results were similar for 180- and 365-day use. Interactions between HIV status and 30-day cannabis use category were not significant, although exploratory analyses employing cannabis use as a continuous measure suggested a linear relationship for YWoH of greater use with worse cognitive performance, while for YWH, non-linear relationships suggested better performance with mild\/moderate use on some memory and executive functioning measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest ongoing heavy cannabis use is associated with worse cognitive performance among young adults. For YWH, however, mild to moderate levels of cannabis use may have a protective effect possibly through altering chronic neuroinflammation, although causality cannot be determined in this cross-sectional study. Understanding differential, population-specific effects of cannabis use frequency may be important in setting use guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fradm.2026.1716084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T06:38:08Z","timestamp":1774593488000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cannabis use frequency may differentially impact cognitive performance in young adults with and without HIV"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Sharon L.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego","place":["La Jolla, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Herbert Wertheim School of 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