{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T14:14:35Z","timestamp":1771424075741,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54MD01239 (subproject 5378)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54MD01239 (subproject 5378)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Adolesc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescence is a period notable for increased risk-taking behaviors, including substance use (SU). Longitudinal work has linked behavioral disinhibition, particularly impulsive dispositions and externalizing tendencies with SU, but the underlying neurobiological manifestations remain less well-defined. This study examined whether individual differences in reward-related striatal activity and impulsivity predicted mental health (externalizing symptoms) and SU outcomes (cannabis, nicotine, alcohol) over a year later.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adolescents (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009140;\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        M\n                        <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                        \u2009\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u200914.9 years) from a larger longitudinal cohort completed a Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) fMRI task at baseline along with a measure of self-reported impulsivity. At follow-up, they reported externalizing symptoms and days of cannabis, e-cigarette, and alcohol use. Task behavior [response times [RTs], hit rates [HRs]] and striatal responses to anticipatory gain cues were extracted. Serial mediation models tested whether impulsivity and externalizing mediated an association between striatal activity and subsequent SU.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Behaviorally, gain cues elicited faster target-related RTs and higher HRs (vs. loss or neutral trials), and performance scaled with incentive magnitude. Gain (vs. neutral) cues elicited greater bilateral caudate activity where\n                      <jats:italic>more<\/jats:italic>\n                      left caudate activity correlated with faster RTs and lower impulsivity. Serial mediation revealed that\n                      <jats:italic>less<\/jats:italic>\n                      left striatal activity during reward anticipation linked with higher impulsivity, which predicted more subsequent externalizing symptoms that, in turn, linked with more cannabis [indirect effect\u2009=\u2009\u22120.01, 95%CI (\u22120.04, \u22120.001)] and e-cigarette use days [indirect effect\u2009=\u2009\u22120.02, 95%CI (\u20130.05, \u22120.004)]. No indirect or direct effects emerged for alcohol use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest blunted striatal activity may reflect reduced motivational drive for lower-intensity rewards (e.g., fictitious MID monetary gains), which contribute to SU vulnerability via heightened behavioral disinhibition in pursuit of higher-intensity stimulation. Intervention strategies that upregulate everyday reward value and strengthen self-regulation may offer utility in reducing teen SU.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fradm.2026.1741884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T06:45:59Z","timestamp":1770273959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Blunted reward-related striatal activity and behavioral disinhibition as a pathway to adolescent cannabis and e-cigarette use"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Patricio M.","family":"Viera Perez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Florida International University","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]},{"name":"The Center for Children and Families, Florida International University","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren D.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Florida International University","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]},{"name":"The Center for Children and Families, Florida International University","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center","place":["Nashville, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharine E.","family":"Crooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Florida International University","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]},{"name":"The Center for Children and Families, Florida International University","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjelene D.","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Florida International University","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]},{"name":"The Center for Children and Families, Florida International University","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela R.","family":"Laird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Florida International University","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa M.","family":"Trucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Florida International University","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]},{"name":"The Center for Children and Families, Florida International University","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor, MI, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew T.","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Florida International University","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]},{"name":"The Center for Children and Families, Florida International University","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.08.003","article-title":"The adolescent brain","volume":"28","author":"Casey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975\u20132023: overview and detailed results for secondary school students","author":"Miech","year":"2024"},{"key":"B3","year":"2023"},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013\u20132030","year":"2021"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Monitoring the Future Study Annual Report. 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