{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T21:32:51Z","timestamp":1785879171741,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to examine the effects of a digital visual art learning intervention on the cognitive and psychological functions of healthy older adults with no prior experience in art.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An open-label pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted, with participants (mean age = 69.43 \u00b1 2.70\u00a0years) aged 65 to 74 assigned to either an intervention (n = 37) or control (n = 35) group. Cognitive and psychological functions were assessed before and after 20 sessions of digital visual art learning. In each session, participants mainly worked on lectures and prepared tasks related to basic themes in art. In the final stage, each participant engaged in individual creative activities and aimed to complete their works.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the Frontal Assessment Battery, which evaluates frontal lobe function, a significant trend was observed in the interaction between group and time (p = 0.062), and although an improvement trend was observed in the intervention group, the change did not reach statistical significance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that digital art could potentially enhance executive function in older adults, providing important insights into its applicability within this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link>https:\/\/center6.umin.ac.jp\/cgi-open-bin\/ctr_e\/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000058589<\/jats:ext-link>, identifer UMIN000051427<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2025.1635789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T07:53:02Z","timestamp":1756972382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of a digital visual art learning intervention in healthy older adults: a pilot randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Akari","family":"Uno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takamitsu","family":"Shinada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michio","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keishi","family":"Soga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yegang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumihira","family":"Abiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Taki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.01.006","article-title":"Participatory art-based activity, community-dwelling older adults and changes in health condition: results from a pre\u2013post intervention, single-arm, prospective and longitudinal study","volume":"134","author":"Beauchet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101035","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101035","article-title":"How art changes your brain: differential effects of visual art production and cognitive art evaluation on functional brain connectivity","volume":"9","author":"Bolwerk","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1080\/10400419.2023.2247241","article-title":"Participatory and receptive arts engagement in older adults: associations with cognition over a seven-year period","volume":"36","author":"Bone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Creat. Res. J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.390","article-title":"Administration and interpretation of the trail making test","volume":"1","author":"Bowie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2190\/L0K1-87W4-9R01-7127","article-title":"Aspirations for older age in the 21st century: what is successful ageing?","volume":"64","author":"Bowling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Aging. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/01924788.2020.1719584","article-title":"Conceptual art for the aging brain: piloting an art-based cognitive health intervention","volume":"45","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adapt. Aging."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2013.818101","article-title":"Viewing and making art together: a multi-session art-gallery-based intervention for people with dementia and their carers","volume":"18","author":"Camic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290589","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2023.1290589","article-title":"Development and validation of an art-inspired multimodal interactive technology system for a multi-component intervention for older people: a pilot study","volume":"5","author":"Camurri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/0898010117697863","article-title":"\u201cMaking the ordinary more extraordinary\u201d: exploring creativity as a health promotion practice among older adults in a community-based professionally taught arts program","volume":"36","author":"Cantu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Holist. Nurs."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/TGR.0000000000000208","article-title":"The effect of ceramic painting on the life satisfaction and cognitive status of older adults residing in a nursing home","volume":"35","author":"Cetinkaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Top. Geriatr. Rehabil."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.03.062","article-title":"Drawing on the right side of the brain: a voxel-based morphometry analysis of observational drawing","volume":"96","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2018.1564108","article-title":"Positive effects of art therapy on depression and self-esteem of older adults in nursing homes","volume":"58","author":"Ching-Teng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Work Health Care"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2014.01.002","article-title":"An exploration of the qualities and features of art apps for art therapy","volume":"41","author":"Choe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arts. Psychother."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.12799\/jkachn.2013.24.3.323","article-title":"Effects of art therapy on cognition, depression, and quality of life in elderly","volume":"24","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Korean Acad. Comm. Health Nurs."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2017-2250","article-title":"Art therapy as an adjuvant treatment for depression in elderly women: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Ciasca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"95","article-title":"Digital technology use in art therapy with adults with developmental disabilities","volume":"21","author":"Darewych","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39185","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39185","article-title":"Brain networks for visual creativity: a functional connectivity study of planning a visual artwork","volume":"6","author":"De Pisapia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"129","article-title":"Validity convergent and reliability test-retest of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test","volume":"9","author":"de Sousa Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-009-9276-4","article-title":"The cognitive flexibility inventory: instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity","volume":"34","author":"Dennis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3390\/bs9090096","article-title":"Psychological barriers to digital living in older adults: computer anxiety as predictive mechanism for technophobia","volume":"9","author":"Di Giacomo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17787","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.17787","article-title":"Digital creative art interventions on health promotion among older adults: a scoping review","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1621","article-title":"The FAB: a frontal assessment battery at bedside","volume":"55","author":"Dubois","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02655","article-title":"Creative arts interventions to address depression in older adults: a systematic review of outcomes, processes, and mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Dunphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/BMB\/65.1.49","article-title":"Executive functions and their disorders","volume":"65","author":"Elliott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8222","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18158222","article-title":"The value of active arts engagement on health and well-being of older adults: a nation-wide participatory study","volume":"18","author":"Groot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01251-0","article-title":"Aging and aging-related diseases: from molecular mechanisms to interventions and treatments","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.5926\/jjep1953.38.4_389","article-title":"Group version of the Stroop and reverse-Stroop test (in Japanese)","volume":"38","author":"Hakoda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"B28","article-title":"New stroop Test II. Fukuoka: toyo physical","author":"Hakoda","year":"2005"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1080\/02601370.2017.1382015","article-title":"Baby boomers engagement as traditional university students: benefits and costs","volume":"36","author":"Hardy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Lifelong Educ."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2117\/psysoc.2012.246","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the digit cancellation test, a brief screen of attention","volume":"55","author":"Hatta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychologia"},{"key":"B31","volume-title":"D-CAT: the digit cancellation test, A brief screen of attention","author":"Hatta","year":"2023"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2011.00698.x","article-title":"Controlled study on the cognitive and psychological effect of coloring and drawing in mild alzheimer's disease patients","volume":"11","author":"Hattori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13037","article-title":"Predictors of non-pharmacological intervention effect on cognitive function and behavioral and psychological symptoms of older people with dementia","volume":"17","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976915","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.976915","article-title":"Executive function abilities in cognitively healthy young and older adults\u2014A cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Idowu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-140803","article-title":"Effects of art and music therapy on depression and cognitive function of the elderly","volume":"22","author":"Im","year":"2014","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care"},{"key":"B36","article-title":"Trail making Test, Japanese edition (TMT-J). Tokyo: Shinkoh-Igaku shuppan","year":"2019"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/07421656.2019.1659662","article-title":"Virtual reality in art therapy: a pilot qualitative study of the novel medium and implications for practice","volume":"37","author":"Kaimal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Art. Ther."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20100930-01","article-title":"An integrated dementia intervention for Korean older adults","volume":"48","author":"Kang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychosoc. Nurs. Ment. Health Serv."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107960","article-title":"Observational drawing in the brain: a longitudinal exploratory fMRI study","volume":"160","author":"Katz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0632-2","article-title":"The impact of social activities, social networks, social support and social relationships on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2012.11.002","article-title":"A randomized, controlled study of the effects of art therapy on older Korean-Americans\u2019 healthy aging","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arts Psychother."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172079","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1172079","article-title":"A case study of group art therapy using digital media for adolescents with intellectual disabilities","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1080\/03601277.2023.2202080","article-title":"Older adults\u2019 technology anxiety as a barrier to digital inclusion: a scoping review","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ. Gerontol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215515607072","article-title":"Creative art therapy to enhance rehabilitation for stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Kongkasuwan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbad053","article-title":"The impact of learning multiple real-world skills on cognitive abilities and functional independence in healthy older adults","volume":"78","author":"Leanos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2018.12.003","article-title":"Art therapy for the prevention of cognitive decline","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arts Psychother."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1017\/S071498081500063X","article-title":"Connecting socially isolated older rural adults with older volunteers through expressive arts","volume":"35","author":"MacLeod","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Aging.\/La Rev. Can. Du. Vieil."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2988-6","article-title":"Art therapy is associated with sustained improvement in cognitive function in the elderly with mild neurocognitive disorder: findings from a pilot randomized controlled trial for art therapy and music reminiscence activity versus usual care","volume":"19","author":"Mahendran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14362","article-title":"Visual art therapy as a treatment option for cognitive decline among older adults. A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"76","author":"Masika","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbab168","article-title":"Visual art therapy and cognition: effects on people with mild cognitive impairment and low education level","volume":"77","author":"Masika","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/17579139231157533","article-title":"Examining arts and creativity in later life and its impact on older people\u2019s health and wellbeing: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"144","author":"McQuade","year":"2023","journal-title":"Perspect. Public Health"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.12.011","article-title":"Rey\u2019s auditory verbal learning test scores can be predicted from whole brain MRI in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Moradi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2007.01614.x","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the frontal assessment battery in patients with the frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia","volume":"61","author":"Nakaaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B54","article-title":"WAIS-IV Japanese version manual","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nihon Bunka Kagakusha"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264304265819","article-title":"A short-term intervention to enhance cognitive and affective functioning in older adults","volume":"16","author":"Noice","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Aging Health"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnt138","article-title":"Participatory arts for older adults: a review of benefits and challenges","volume":"54","author":"Noice","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2012.742490","article-title":"Social capital as a resource for mental well-being in older people: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Nyqvist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"B58","volume-title":"The science of happiness: what we know from psychology","author":"Oishi","year":"2009"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.46328\/ijonses.313","article-title":"A conceptual framework on the relationship of digital technology and art","volume":"4","author":"\u00d6zdemir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Educ. Sci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00171","article-title":"Do artists see their retinas?","volume":"5","author":"Perdreau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1017\/S071498081400018X","article-title":"The effect of a community-engaged arts program on older adults\u2019 well-being","volume":"33","author":"Phinney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Aging.\/La Rev. Can. Du. Vieil."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170410","article-title":"Can musical or painting interventions improve chronic pain, mood, quality of life, and cognition in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease? Evidence from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Pongan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-021-09494-4","article-title":"The neural bases of drawing. A meta-analysis and a systematic literature review of neurofunctional studies in healthy individuals","volume":"31","author":"Raimo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"B64","volume-title":"L\u2019 examen clinique en psychogie [The Clinical Examination in Psychology]","author":"Rey","year":"1964"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21125\/iceri.2016.0768","article-title":"Assessing line, proportion, precision and perspective in traditional drawing method and digital pen-based technology for familiarized subjects","author":"Rincon-G\u00f3mez","year":"2016","journal-title":"ICERI2016 Proc. IATED. 7714-7723"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2016.05.002","article-title":"Painting place: re-imagining landscapes for older people's subjective wellbeing","volume":"40","author":"Rose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2013.07.003","article-title":"Classification and epidemiology of MCI","volume":"29","author":"Rosebud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709090626","article-title":"Construct validity of the Trail making test: role of task-switching, working memory, inhibition\/interference control, and visuomotor abilities","volume":"15","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Cubillo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.11.014","article-title":"The artist emerges: visual art learning alters neural structure and function","volume":"105","author":"Schlegel","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B70","volume-title":"Rey auditory verbal learning test: a handbook","author":"Schmidt","year":"1996"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1080\/02601370.2020.1819905","article-title":"A review of research on the relationship between learning and health for older adults","volume":"39","author":"Schoultz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Lifelong Educ."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.29121\/granthaalayah.v7.i11.2019.3705","article-title":"Digital art: a revolutionary form of art and visual communication","volume":"7","author":"Srivastava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. -GRANTHAALAYAH"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1108\/MHSI-07-2015-0027","article-title":"A community arts programme for older people: an evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Stickley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Soc. Incl."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/07317115.2016.1199452","article-title":"A validity and reliability study of the Japanese version of the geriatric depression scale 15 (GDS-15-J)","volume":"40","author":"Sugishita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Geronto"},{"key":"B75","volume-title":"Japanese version of the geriatric depression scale 15 (GDS-15-J)","author":"Sugishita","year":"2017"},{"key":"B76","article-title":"Development and validation of cognitive flexibility inventory -Japanese (in Japanese)","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 76th annual convention of the Japanese psychological association","author":"Tokuyoshi","year":"2012"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbz085","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between short-term, repeated, and sustained arts engagement and well-being outcomes in older adults","volume":"75","author":"Tymoszuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"B78","unstructured":"World population prospects 2022: summary of results\n          \n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4836281\/v2","article-title":"Digital visual art learning for cognitive and psychological functioning among healthy older adults: a randomized controlled trial protocol. Preprint (version 2)","author":"Uno","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. Square"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(02)00150-6","article-title":"Mental fatigue and the control of cognitive processes: effects on perseveration and planning","volume":"113","author":"Van der Linden","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acr024","article-title":"Reliability of three alternate forms of the trail making tests A and B","volume":"26","author":"Wagner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B82","first-page":"279","article-title":"Rey auditory verbal learning test (RAVLT)","author":"Wakamatsu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nihon Rinsho. Spec. issue"},{"key":"B83","volume-title":"WMS-R: Wechsler memory scale\u2013revised: manual","author":"Wechsler","year":"1987"},{"key":"B84","unstructured":"World report on ageing and health\n          \n          \n          2015"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S161861","article-title":"Effects of creative expression therapy for older adults with mild cognitive impairment at risk of alzheimer's disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fragi.2025.1635789\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T07:53:08Z","timestamp":1756972388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fragi.2025.1635789\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fragi.2025.1635789"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fragi.2025.1635789","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-6217","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"article-number":"1635789"}}