{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T08:09:11Z","timestamp":1774512551668,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heart failure (HF) is highly prevalent in older adults and is frequently associated with frailty, leading to increased morbidity, hospitalization, disability, and mortality. Exercise training (ET) has demonstrated benefits in HF and frailty separately, but its effects in frail older adults with HF have not been extensively evaluated. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the evidence on the effects of ET on health outcomes in frail older patients with HF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review of interventional studies was conducted following PRISMA and Cochrane Handbook guidelines. MEDLINE (PubMed), SCOPUS, and Scielo were searched up to March 2026. Inclusion criteria were: (a) intervention studies involving frail adults aged \u226560 years with HF, (b) evaluation of chronic effects of ET on health outcomes, and (c) publication in English. Study selection and data extraction were performed independently by four reviewers, with a fifth reviewer resolving disagreements. Methodological quality of randomized controlled trials was assessed using the PEDro scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six investigations were included. Overall quality assessment results ranged from 4 to 7. Studies were conducted in Japan and the United States. All were randomized controlled trials with sample sizes ranging from 30 to 337 participants (mean age 72.5 years). Frailty was assessed using the Frailty Phenotype, Frailty Index, and Short Physical Performance Battery. ET interventions varied in duration and modality, and were mostly characterized by multicomponent (e.g., resistance, endurance, flexibility) exercise training protocols. Adverse events were infrequent; one study reported musculoskeletal pain in 25% of participants. ET significantly improved HF symptoms, frailty status, physical function (mobility, muscle strength, aerobic capacity), physical activity levels, quality of life, and depressive symptoms. Improvements in hemoglobin and cholesterol were also observed. Meta-analysis was not performed due to heterogeneity in interventions and outcome measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiac rehabilitation programs based on ET protocols appear to improve clinical and functional outcomes in frail older adults with HF. However, evidence is limited by the small number of studies, variability in intervention protocols, and heterogeneity in outcome assessment. Further high-quality randomized trials are needed to confirm these findings and establish optimal ET strategies for this vulnerable population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2026.1800669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T06:34:33Z","timestamp":1774506873000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of exercise training on frail older adults with heart failure: a systematic-review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"S\u00e1ez-Nieto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatrics Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatrics Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro","place":["Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Matovelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatrician, Hospital Monte Sinai","place":["Cuenca, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ma\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatrics Department, Hospital Universitario de Getafe","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES)","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. J.","family":"Coelho-J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS","place":["Rome, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatrics Department, Hospital Universitario Cl\u00ednico San Carlos","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n para la Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC)","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.09.070","article-title":"Frailty assessment in the cardiovascular care of older adults","volume":"63","author":"Afilalo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJCARD.2016.12.067","article-title":"Nutritional status is related to heart failure severity and hospital readmissions in acute heart failure","volume":"230","author":"Agra Bermejo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2004.09.015","article-title":"Sex and age differences in fragility in a heart failure population","volume":"7","author":"Altimir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181915670","article-title":"American college of sports medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults","volume":"41","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000154929","article-title":"Functional decline in cognitive impairment - the relationship between physical and cognitive function","volume":"31","author":"Auyeung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01672-y","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with hypertension in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1111\/JGS.17206","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with incident Alzheimer\u2019s dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and cognitive decline","volume":"69","author":"Beeri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.07.066","article-title":"Geriatric conditions and subsequent mortality in older patients With heart failure","volume":"55","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9758040","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9758040","article-title":"Hypertension, sarcopenia, and global cognitive function in community-dwelling older women: a preliminary study","volume":"2018","author":"Coelho-J\u00fanior","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Aging Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1159\/000530241","article-title":"Higher risk of sarcopenia in older adults with type 2 diabetes: NHANES 1999\u20132018","volume":"16","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4055","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.70017","article-title":"Economic burden of heart failure in Europe: a systematic review of costs and cost-effectiveness","volume":"12","author":"Darb\u00e0","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAMDA.2022.03.013","article-title":"Differential association of frailty and sarcopenia with mortality and disability: insight supporting clinical subtypes of frailty","volume":"23","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(09)70043-1","article-title":"The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study","volume":"55","author":"de Morton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. J. Physiother."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1007\/S00125-014-3259-Z","article-title":"Association of heart failure severity with risk of diabetes: a Danish nationwide cohort study","volume":"57","author":"Demant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.01.153","article-title":"The prevalence of frailty in heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"236","author":"Denfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rec.2023.06.001","article-title":"Home exercise intervention with the vivifrail program in frail older patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. The ExFRAIL-HF randomized trial","volume":"76","author":"Dobarro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Cardiol. (English Ed.)"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuz007","article-title":"Dietary patterns and frailty: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Fard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.m146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. - Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0727-9","article-title":"Use of health resources and healthcare costs associated with frailty: the FRADEA study","volume":"21","author":"Garc\u00eda-Nogueras","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions\n          \n          \n            \n              Green\n              S.\n            \n            \n              Higgins\n              J.\n            \n          \n          \n          2005"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx157","article-title":"Frailty and healthcare costs-longitudinal results of a prospective cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Hajek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.02.006","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with incident disability, institutionalization, and mortality in community-dwelling older men: the Concord health and ageing in men project","volume":"16","author":"Hirani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31786-6","article-title":"Frailty: implications for clinical practice and public health","volume":"394","author":"Hoogendijk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2015.1710","article-title":"Association of dynapenia, sarcopenia, and cognitive impairment among community-dwelling older Taiwanese","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1532-5415.2004.52014.X","article-title":"The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Janssen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1136\/HEARTJNL-2022-321943","article-title":"Habitual physical activity levels of adults with heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Jordan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.2217\/fca.13.74","article-title":"Muscle wasting is associated with reduced exercise capacity and advanced disease in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"9","author":"Kato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Cardiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-01046-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology of heart failure","volume":"21","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-206978","article-title":"Frailty as a predictor of hospitalisation among community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Kojima","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health (1978)"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1212282","article-title":"Frailty as a predictor of disabilities among community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Kojima","year":"","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2017-102769","article-title":"Frailty significantly increases the risk of fractures among middle-aged and older people","volume":"20","author":"Kojima","year":"","journal-title":"Evid. Based Nurs."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0000000000000097","article-title":"Frailty as a predictor of nursing home placement among community-dwelling older adults","volume":"41","author":"Kojima","year":"","journal-title":"J. Geriatric Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.07.019","article-title":"Quick and simple FRAIL scale predicts incident activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL (IADL) disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Kojima","year":"","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000121945.36635.61","article-title":"Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription","volume":"36","author":"Kraemer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827618769609","article-title":"Physical activity and heart failure: taking steps to control a major public health burden","volume":"14","author":"LaMonte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2013.12.002","article-title":"Obesity paradox, cachexia, frailty, and heart failure","volume":"10","author":"Lavie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1053\/J.AJKD.2011.01.029","article-title":"Heart failure severity scoring system and Medical- and health-related quality-of-life outcomes: the HEMO study","volume":"58","author":"Liang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"6","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0496-2","article-title":"Nutritional determinants of frailty in older adults: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Lorenzo-Lopez","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/s1885-5857(08)60231-5","article-title":"Prognostic implication of frailty and depressive symptoms in an outpatient population with heart failure","volume":"61","author":"Lup\u00f3n","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Cardiol. (English Ed.)"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.07.008","article-title":"Measuring frailty in heart failure: a community perspective","volume":"166","author":"McNallan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.03.022","article-title":"Frailty consensus: a call to action","volume":"14","author":"Morley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1111\/JGS.17145","article-title":"Frailty implications for exercise participation and outcomes in patients with heart failure","volume":"69","author":"Mudge","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102079","article-title":"Are dose-response relationships of resistance training reliable to improve functional performance in frail and pre-frail older adults? A systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials","volume":"91","author":"Nagata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1002\/EHF2.13934","article-title":"Home\u2010based cardiac rehabilitation using information and communication technology for heart failure patients with frailty","volume":"9","author":"Nagatomi","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2019.10.005","article-title":"Frailty is intertwined with heart failure: mechanisms, prevalence, prognosis, assessment, and management","volume":"7","author":"Pandey","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMACARDIO.2022.4903","article-title":"Frailty and effects of a multidomain physical rehabilitation intervention among older patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Pandey","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.22540\/JFSF-05-102","article-title":"Are the group-based interventions improving the functional exercise capacity and quality of life of frail subjects with chronic heart failure?","volume":"5","author":"Papathanasiou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Frailty Sarcopenia Falls"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15300","article-title":"Length of stay and prior heart failure admission in frailty and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Prokopidis","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls119","article-title":"Searching for an operational definition of frailty: a delphi method based consensus statement. The frailty operative definition-consensus conference project","volume":"68","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ma\u00f1as","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. - Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61690-0","article-title":"Healthy life expectancy for 187 countries, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden disease study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Salomon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2022.07.004","article-title":"Physical performance measures in frailty screening: diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in the Toledo study of healthy ageing","volume":"165","author":"Sanchez-Sanchez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CJCA.2019.09.001","article-title":"Albuminuria: associated with heart failure severity and impaired clinical outcomes","volume":"36","author":"Shuvy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12237","article-title":"Muscle wasting and sarcopenia in heart failure and beyond: update 2017","volume":"4","author":"Springer","year":"2017","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1923","article-title":"Gait speed and survival in older adults","volume":"305","author":"Studenski","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12387","article-title":"Skeletal muscle wasting in chronic heart failure","volume":"5","author":"Suzuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2016.1905","article-title":"Frailty and risk of cardiovascular diseases in older persons: the age, gene\/environment susceptibility-reykjavik study","volume":"20","author":"Veronese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.518","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic impact of frailty and its components in non-dependent elderly patients with heart failure","volume":"18","author":"Vid\u00e1n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.01.031","article-title":"Effect of a seated exercise program to improve physical function and health status in frail patients \u226570 years of age with heart failure","volume":"95","author":"Witham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008251","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.008251","article-title":"Impact of frailty on mortality and hospitalization in chronic heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112604","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EXGER.2024.112604","article-title":"Effects of multicomponent exercise on frailty status and physical function in frail older adults: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"197","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4019","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.33000","article-title":"New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of sarcopenia in chronic heart failure","volume":"9","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1002\/EHF2.13255","article-title":"Sarcopenia in heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fragi.2026.1800669\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T06:34:38Z","timestamp":1774506878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fragi.2026.1800669\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fragi.2026.1800669"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fragi.2026.1800669","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-6217","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"article-number":"1800669"}}