{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T21:31:27Z","timestamp":1793655087408,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effects of velocity-based resistance training (VBRT) in institutionalized older adults remain poorly explored. This protocol aims to describe a study designed to i) analyze the effects of a 9-month VBRT program on skeletal muscle size, muscle function, physical performance, disability, cognitive function and frailty in nursing home residents, ii) compare the impact of different velocity loss (VL) thresholds (10% vs. 20%), and iii) determine the residual effect of the intervention after 6 months exercise cessation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nursing home residents aged \u226565\u00a0years will participate in this experimental study. Participants will complete a 4-week control period followed by a 9-month VBRT program and 6\u00a0months of follow-up after exercise cessation. The intervention will consist of VBRT twice a week using the leg press exercise for 9\u00a0months. The participants will be randomly assigned to two VL groups: 10% vs. 20% VL, performing\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      repetitions at 60% of estimated maximal isometric force until reaching their prescribed VL. To minimize training volume differences, the 10% VL group will complete 4 sets, while the 20% VL group will complete 3 sets. Outcomes will include muscle size of rectus femoris and vastus lateralis (ultrasound), muscle function (sit-to-stand muscle power and force-velocity relationship parameters), physical performance (Short Physical Performance Battery and walking tests), disability (Barthel and Lawton Indexes), cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination) and frailty (Fried Phenotype and Frailty Trait Scale). The time course of the exercise-induced adaptations will be assessed throughout the study.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We hypothesize that VBRT will exhibit meaningful benefits in muscle size, muscle function, physical performance, disability, cognitive function and frailty among institutionalized older adults, with no significant differences between 10% and 20% VL thresholds. While deconditioning is predictable after 6 months of exercise cessation, the investigated outcomes are expected to remain significantly and positively elevated compared to baseline values. This study will help to identify innovative actions to improve overall health and endorse exercise practice in older adults living in nursing homes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier NCT07027397.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2026.1827269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:42:33Z","timestamp":1779082953000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Velocity-based resistance training in institutionalized older adults: protocol for an experimental study with follow-up"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Buend\u00eda-Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Grupo Mixto de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Exitoso UCLM-SESCAM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha-Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM)","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Reguero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Grupo Mixto de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Exitoso UCLM-SESCAM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha-Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM)","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Romero-Valia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Grupo Mixto de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Exitoso UCLM-SESCAM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha-Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM)","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Higueras-Li\u00e9bana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Grupo Mixto de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Exitoso UCLM-SESCAM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha-Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM)","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikel","family":"Garcia-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Grupo Mixto de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Exitoso UCLM-SESCAM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha-Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM)","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Garcia-Albin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Grupo Mixto de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Exitoso UCLM-SESCAM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha-Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM)","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Rosado Artalejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Residencia para Personas Mayores Barber de Toledo, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM)","place":["Toledo, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Torres Bertos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Residencia para Personas Mayores el Greco, Grupo ENOC","place":["Toledo, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Garcia-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Mixto de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Exitoso UCLM-SESCAM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha-Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM)","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Geriatrics Department, Hospital Universitario de Toledo","place":["Toledo, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis M.","family":"Alegre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Grupo Mixto de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Exitoso UCLM-SESCAM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha-Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM)","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Ara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Grupo Mixto de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Exitoso UCLM-SESCAM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha-Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM)","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Alcazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Grupo Mixto de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Exitoso UCLM-SESCAM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha-Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM)","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12737","article-title":"Relative sit-to-stand power: aging trajectories, functionally relevant cut-off points, and normative data in a large European cohort","volume":"12","author":"Alcazar","year":"","journal-title":"J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-119880","article-title":"The force-velocity relationship in older people: reliability and validity of a systematic procedure","volume":"38","author":"Alcazar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.08.006","article-title":"The sit-to-stand muscle power test: an easy, inexpensive and portable procedure to assess muscle power in older people","volume":"112","author":"Alcazar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73395-4","article-title":"Relation between leg extension power and 30-s sit-to-stand muscle power in older adults: validation and translation to functional performance","volume":"10","author":"Alcazar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1753816","article-title":"Comparison of linear, hyperbolic and double-hyperbolic models to assess the force-velocity relationship in multi-joint exercises","volume":"21","author":"Alcazar","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13184","article-title":"Ten-year longitudinal changes in muscle power, force, and velocity in young, middle-aged, and older adults","volume":"14","author":"Alcazar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24271","article-title":"Load-controlled moderate and high-intensity resistance training programs provoke similar strength gains in young women","volume":"51","author":"Alegre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70133","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70133","article-title":"Exercise as a therapy for successful aging","volume":"35","author":"Ara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1159\/000536363","article-title":"Long-term effects of a 6-Week power-based resistance training and Fast Walking Interval Training Program on physical function, muscle power, disability, and frailty in pre-frail and frail older adults","volume":"70","author":"Baltasar-Fernandez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/app13052946","article-title":"A sensitive and practical evaluation to detect lower-limb strength changes in geriatrics: the isometric knee extension Test","volume":"13","author":"Buend\u00eda-Romero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70010","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70010","article-title":"Residual effects of physical exercise after periods of training cessation in older adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"35","author":"Buend\u00eda-Romero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-013-9586-z","article-title":"Multicomponent exercises including muscle power training enhance muscle mass, power output, and functional outcomes in institutionalized frail nonagenarians","volume":"36","author":"Cadore","year":"","journal-title":"Age (Omaha)."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-013-9599-7","article-title":"Positive effects of resistance training in frail elderly patients with dementia after long-term physical restraint","volume":"36","author":"Cadore","year":"","journal-title":"Age (Omaha)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041106","article-title":"Effect of training-detraining phases of multicomponent exercises and BCAA supplementation on inflammatory markers and albumin levels in frail older persons","volume":"13","author":"Caldo-Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2017.1924","article-title":"Effects of three different chair-based exercise programs on people older than 80 years","volume":"20","author":"Cancela Carral","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583","article-title":"SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials","volume":"158","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02361-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment among older adults living in nursing homes: a meta-analysis and systematic review of epidemiological surveys","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.14283\/jfa.2018.35","article-title":"Neuromuscular changes with aging and Sarcopenia","volume":"8","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Frailty Aging"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2020.1857691","article-title":"Resistance training improves cognitive function in older adults with different cognitive status: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Coelho-junior","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-015-0153-8","article-title":"The time course of changes induced by resistance training and detraining on muscular and physical function in older adults","volume":"12","author":"Coetsee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004654","article-title":"Vastus Lateralis muscle size is differently associated with the different regions of the squat force-velocity and load-velocity relationships, rate of force development, and physical performance young men","volume":"38","author":"Cornejo-Daza","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-019-02265-6","article-title":"Reproducibility and repeatability of five different technologies for bar velocity measurement in resistance training","volume":"47","author":"Courel-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2021.05.037","article-title":"Impact of tailored multicomponent exercise for preventing weakness and Falls on nursing home residents\u2019 functional capacity","volume":"23","author":"Courel-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: european consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"39","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100424","article-title":"Effects of an individualised exercise program in hospitalised older adults with cancer: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Ferrara","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000003230","article-title":"Resistance training for older adults: position statement from the national strength and conditioning association","volume":"33","author":"Fragala","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.m146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journals Gerontol. - Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.008","article-title":"Frailty trait scale\u2013short form: a frailty instrument for clinical practice","volume":"21","author":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0629","article-title":"Number of repetitions performed before and after reaching velocity loss thresholds: first repetition versus fastest repetition-mean velocity versus peak velocity","volume":"16","author":"Garc\u00eda-Ramos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1248333","article-title":"Movement velocity as a measure of loading intensity in resistance training","volume":"31","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Badillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-022-00513-z","article-title":"Toward a new paradigm in resistance training by means of velocity monitoring: a critical and challenging narrative","volume":"8","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Badillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sport. Med. - Open"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14048","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114048","article-title":"Use it or lose it? A meta-analysis on the effects of resistance training cessation (Detraining) on muscle size in older adults","volume":"19","author":"Grgic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M85","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.2.m85","article-title":"A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission","volume":"49","author":"Guralnik","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100208","article-title":"Effects of multicomponent training and HMB supplementation on disability, cognitive and physical function in institutionalized older adults aged over 70 years: a cluster-randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Reguero","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210000248","article-title":"Neuromuscular adaptation during prolonged strength training, detraining and re-strength-training in middle-aged and elderly people","volume":"83","author":"Hakkinen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01686-z","article-title":"The need for eccentric speed: a narrative review of the effects of accelerated eccentric actions during resistance - based training","volume":"52","author":"Handford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1159\/000314963","article-title":"Properties of the \u201cTimed Up and Go\u201d test: more than meets the eye","volume":"57","author":"Herman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2022.113737","article-title":"Panoramic ultrasound requires a trained operator and specific evaluation sites to maximize its sensitivity: a comprehensive analysis of the measurement errors","volume":"248","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Belmonte","year":"","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0381","article-title":"The 2-Point method: a quick, accurate, and repeatable approach to estimate ultrasound-derived quadriceps femoris cross-sectional area","volume":"17","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Belmonte","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E500","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004480","article-title":"Velocity-Based method in free-weight and machine-based training modalities: the degree of freedom matters","volume":"37","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Belmonte","year":"","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003271","article-title":"Free-Weight and machine-based training are equally effective on strength and hypertrophy: challenging a traditional myth","volume":"55","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Belmonte","year":"","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0000000000000258","article-title":"Rate of force development as a predictor of mobility in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"44","author":"Hester","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9798","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-015-9798-5","article-title":"NMR imaging estimates of muscle volume and intramuscular fat infiltration in the thigh: variations with muscle, gender, and age","volume":"37","author":"Hogrel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Age (Dordr)."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100401","article-title":"Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR)","volume":"29","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Heal. Aging"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00489.2022","article-title":"Effects of a concurrent training, respiratory muscle exercise, and self-management recommendations on recovery from post-COVID-19 conditions: the RECOVE trial","volume":"134","author":"Jimeno-Almaz\u00e1n","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0005-4","article-title":"Skeletal muscle mass abnormalities are associated with survival rates of institutionalized elderly nursing home residents","volume":"16","author":"Kimyagarov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.06.025","article-title":"Prevalence of frailty in nursing homes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Kojima","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179","article-title":"Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living","volume":"9","author":"Lawton","year":"1969","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001019","article-title":"Time course of resistance training\u2013induced muscle hypertrophy in the elderly","volume":"30","author":"Lixandr\u00e3o","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.11.022","article-title":"Effect of a short multicomponent exercise intervention focused on muscle power in frail and pre frail elderly: a pilot trial","volume":"115","author":"Losa-Reyna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afp202","article-title":"Prediction of institutionalization in the elderly. A systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Luppa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"B53","volume-title":"Determining Risk of falls in community dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis using posttest probability","author":"Lusardi","year":"2017"},{"key":"B54","first-page":"61","article-title":"Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index","volume":"4","author":"Mahoney","year":"1965","journal-title":"Md. State Med. J."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207557","article-title":"Novel resistance training approach to monitoring the volume in older adults: the role of movement velocity","volume":"17","author":"Marques","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004036","article-title":"Velocity-monitored resistance training in older adults: the effects of low-velocity loss threshold on strength and functional capacity","volume":"36","author":"Marques","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112361","article-title":"Changes in strength-related outcomes following velocity-monitored resistance training with 10 % and 20 % velocity loss in older adults","volume":"186","author":"Marques","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1363985","article-title":"Effect of movement velocity during resistance training on neuromuscular performance","volume":"35","author":"Pareja-Blanco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002295","article-title":"Velocity loss as a critical variable determining the adaptations to strength training","volume":"52","author":"Pareja-Blanco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000003118","article-title":"Reliability and concurrent validity of seven commercially available devices for the assessment of movement velocity at different intensities during the bench press","volume":"33","author":"P\u00e9rez-Castilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/0958928707071879","article-title":"Modelling an entitlement to long-term care services for older people in Europe: projections for long-term care expenditure to 2050","volume":"17","author":"Pickard","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Eur. Soc. Policy"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.9396","article-title":"Validity and reliability comparison of 4 mobility measures in patients presenting with neurologic impairment","volume":"82","author":"Rossier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318213f880","article-title":"Velocity loss as an indicator of neuromuscular fatigue during resistance training","volume":"43","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Medina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03356.x","article-title":"Short-term, light-to moderate-intensity exercise training improves leg muscle strength in the oldest old: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Serra-Rexach","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74159-0","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the T-Force and chronojump systems to measure movement velocity on resistance machines with older adults","volume":"14","author":"Sousa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-025-01326-9","article-title":"Repetition velocity during the leg and chest press in older adults: influence of starting execution technique","volume":"17","author":"Sousa","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Sport. Sci. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469580221121511","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580221121511","article-title":"Economic implications of health care burden for elderly population","volume":"59","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inq. (United States)"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-015-0151-8","article-title":"Long-term effects of a 12 weeks high-intensity functional exercise program on physical function and mental health in nursing home residents with dementia: a single blinded randomized controlled trial physical functioning, physical health and activity","volume":"15","author":"Telenius","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-013-9605-0","article-title":"Age-related changes in the rate of muscle activation and rapid force characteristics","volume":"36","author":"Thompson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age (Dordr)."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.015420","article-title":"Short term and long term detraining: is there any difference between young-old and old people?","volume":"39","author":"Toraman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e247","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(23)00057-0","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on physical function in older adults in residential care: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"4","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet. heal. Longev."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000560","article-title":"Velocity-based training: from theory to application","volume":"43","author":"Weakley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Strength Cond. J."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021088","article-title":"The effects of exercise for cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-12-68","article-title":"Residual effects of muscle strength and muscle power training and detraining on physical function in community-dwelling prefrail older adults: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Zech","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1679734","article-title":"Effects of exercise interventions on physical function, cognitive function and quality of life of frail older adults in nursing homes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fragi.2026.1827269\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:42:34Z","timestamp":1779082954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fragi.2026.1827269\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fragi.2026.1827269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fragi.2026.1827269","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-6217","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"article-number":"1827269"}}