{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:03:22Z","timestamp":1791943402017,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global declines in physical activity have contributed to an acceleration in immune aging, characterized by systemic inflammation (inflammaging) and impaired immune regulation (immunosenescence). This narrative review provides an overview of the evidence in both preclinical and clinical models supporting exercise as a critical intervention to counteract immune aging and its related diseases. Regular physical activity modulates systemic inflammation, reduces neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, and promotes favorable shifts in immune cell populations, including T cell and natural killer (NK) cell subsets. Exercise interventions have been associated not only with maintaining immune health but also in mitigating autoimmune disease progression, improving metabolic regulation, enhancing tumor immune surveillance, and reducing neuroinflammation. Emerging studies highlight the role of exercise in promoting vascular normalization within the tumor microenvironment, alleviating tumor hypoxia and acidosis, and restoring T and NK cell function. In the elderly, appropriately prescribed multimodal exercise regimens may lower infection risk without clear evidence of immunodepression, supporting exercise as a potentially safe and effective strategy for immune rejuvenation. Furthermore, novel mechanistic insights, including the modulation of NET burden, IGF-1 signaling, kynurenine metabolism, and microbiome composition, suggest that exercise influences key biological pathways underlying age-related immune decline. While exercise offers broad clinical benefits, future research should prioritize mechanistic studies to optimize exercise prescriptions and inform the development of exercise-mimetic therapeutics. Taken together, investigating the exercise regimens employed in these studies remains a promising intervention for promoting healthy immune aging and improving resilience against chronic inflammatory, metabolic, infectious, and malignant diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2026.1832962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T06:02:52Z","timestamp":1779775372000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An overview of current research on exercise interventions in aging and aging-related disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Arad","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia","place":["Charlottesville, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Campbell","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia","place":["Charlottesville, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia","place":["Charlottesville, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia","place":["Charlottesville, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Tsung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia","place":["Charlottesville, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia","place":["Charlottesville, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongji","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia","place":["Charlottesville, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202100","article-title":"The universal prescription for parkinson\u2019s disease: exercise","volume":"10","author":"Alberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Park Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v18i1.16","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines and immune system modulation by aerobic versus resisted exercise training for elderly","volume":"18","author":"Abd El-Kader","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaak9679","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aak9679","article-title":"Combined antiangiogenic and anti\u2013PD-L1 therapy stimulates tumor immunity through HEV formation","volume":"9","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101513","article-title":"Physical activity and exercise: strategies to manage frailty","volume":"35","author":"Angulo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-023-00405-0","article-title":"sCD163, sCD28, sCD80, and sCTLA-4 as soluble marker candidates for detecting immunosenescence","volume":"21","author":"Aprilia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M79","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.2.m79","article-title":"Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 in centenarians: implications of IGF-1 as a rapid turnover protein","volume":"56","author":"Arai","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270463","article-title":"Exercise\u2010induced changes in tumour LDH\u2010B and MCT1 expression are modulated by oestrogen\u2010related receptor alpha in breast cancer\u2010bearing BALB\/c mice","volume":"593","author":"Aveseh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343448","article-title":"Hypoxia downregulates the expression of activating receptors involved in NK \u2010cell\u2010mediated target cell killing without affecting ADCC","volume":"43","author":"Balsamo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.7.635","article-title":"Insulin resistance and inflammation as precursors of frailty: the cardiovascular health study","volume":"167","author":"Barzilay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Intern Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111236","article-title":"The effects of exercise interventions on the inflammatory profile of older adults: a systematic review of the recent literature","volume":"146","author":"Bautmans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1113\/EP088864","article-title":"Human immune cell mobilization during exercise: effect of IL\u20106 receptor blockade","volume":"105","author":"Bay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv040","article-title":"Modulation of murine breast tumor vascularity, hypoxia, and chemotherapeutic response by exercise","volume":"107","author":"Betof","year":"2015","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2014.0305","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome, aging and involvement of oxidative stress","volume":"6","author":"Bonomini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-1272","article-title":"Modulation of microenvironment acidity reverses anergy in human and murine tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes","volume":"72","author":"Calcinotto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly229","article-title":"Strength endurance training but not intensive strength training reduces senescence-prone T cells in peripheral blood in community-dwelling elderly women","volume":"74","author":"Cao Dinh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021694","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I and interleukin-6 contribute synergistically to disability and mortality in older women","volume":"88","author":"Cappola","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B18","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory response syndrome","volume-title":"Statpearls","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2024"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14722","article-title":"Effects of different types of exercise on body composition, muscle strength, and IGF\u20101 in the elderly with sarcopenic obesity","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.09.015","article-title":"Effects of 8-week kettlebell training on body composition, muscle strength, pulmonary function, and chronic low-grade inflammation in elderly women with sarcopenia","volume":"112","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10137","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.204458","article-title":"Moderate-vigorous physical activity attenuates premature senescence of immune cells in sedentary adults with obesity: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4293","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084293","article-title":"Effect of a 12-Week walking program monitored by global physical capacity score (GPCS) on circulating cell-free mtDNA and DNase activity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Chimienti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003250","article-title":"Acute exercise increases NK cell mitochondrial respiration and cytotoxicity against triple-negative breast cancer cells under hypoxic conditions","volume":"55","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2017-0775","article-title":"Exercise and taurine in inflammation, cognition, and peripheral markers of blood-brain barrier integrity in older women","volume":"43","author":"Chupel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.029","article-title":"SnapShot: natural killer cells","volume":"180","author":"Crinier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104131","article-title":"The relationship between interleukin-6 levels and physical performance in mobility-limited older adults with chronic low-grade inflammation: the ENRGISE pilot study","volume":"90","author":"Custodero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010775.pub3","article-title":"Montreal cognitive assessment for the detection of dementia. Cochrane dementia and cognitive improvement group","volume":"2021","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.01.004","article-title":"Physical exercise in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"De La Rosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040843","article-title":"Effects of a 6 week low-dose combined resistance and endurance training on T cells and systemic inflammation in the elderly","volume":"10","author":"Despeghel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B30","first-page":"95","article-title":"Identification and characterization of the blood vessels of solid tumors that are leaky to circulating macromolecules","volume":"133","author":"Dvorak","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2011.635360","article-title":"Accuracy of the S100 \u03b2 protein as a marker of brain damage in traumatic brain injury","volume":"26","author":"Egea-Guerrero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200203123258","article-title":"The mediating effect of different exercise programs on the immune profile of frail older women with cognitive impairment","volume":"26","author":"Eust\u00e1quio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92193","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092193","article-title":"Exercise prevents weight gain and alters the gut microbiota in a mouse model of high fat diet-induced obesity","volume":"9","author":"Evans","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.9.2860.009k35_2860_2868","article-title":"Shortage of circulating naive CD8(+) T cells provides new insights on immunodeficiency in aging","volume":"95","author":"Fagnoni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642021dn15-040007","article-title":"Dementia among older adults living in long-term care facilities: an epidemiological study","volume":"15","author":"Fagundes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dement. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3812","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-035972","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of tumor cell\u2013derived lactic acid on human T cells","volume":"109","author":"Fischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.2217\/ahe.11.56","article-title":"The aging immune system and its relationship with cancer","volume":"7","author":"Foster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging Health"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x","article-title":"Inflamm\u2010aging: an evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence","volume":"908","author":"Franceschi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9063-9","volume-title":"Handbook on Immunosenescence: Basic Understanding and Clinical Applications","author":"Fulop","year":"2009"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2017-030","article-title":"Effects of age on systemic inflamatory response syndrome and results of coronary bypass surgery","volume":"29","author":"Gokalp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J. Afr."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-0970-0","article-title":"Immune aging and autoimmunity","volume":"69","author":"Goronzy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci. CMLS"},{"key":"B42","first-page":"61","article-title":"Exercise, dietary protein, and combined effect on IGF-1","volume":"16","author":"Gulick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17049","article-title":"Review article: the future of microbiome-based therapeutics","volume":"56","author":"Gulliver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002168","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2021-002168","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise and body weight on disease-specific outcomes of people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs): systematic reviews and meta-analyses informing the 2021 EULAR recommendations for lifestyle improvements in people with RMDs","volume":"8","author":"Gwinnutt","year":"2022","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702248","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.702248","article-title":"Short-term and lifelong exercise training lowers inflammatory mediators in older men","volume":"12","author":"Hayes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2013.04.003","article-title":"The impact of ageing on natural killer cell function and potential consequences for health in older adults","volume":"12","author":"Hazeldine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-012-9584-9","article-title":"Effects of chronic exercise training on inflammatory markers in Australian overweight and Obese individuals in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-09349-y","article-title":"High intensity Aerobic exercise training and immune cell mobilization in patients with lung cancer (HI AIM)\u2014A randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Holmen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-1868","article-title":"Macrophage-derived CXCL9 and CXCL10 are required for antitumor immune responses following immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"26","author":"House","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17561","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215397109","article-title":"Vascular normalizing doses of antiangiogenic treatment reprogram the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and enhance immunotherapy","volume":"109","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094306","article-title":"Even a low-dose of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity reduces mortality by 22% in adults aged \u226560 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Hupin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B52","first-page":"317","article-title":"Exercise, immunity, and illness","volume-title":"Muscle and Exercise Physiology","author":"Jones","year":"2019"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5076","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105076","article-title":"Simultaneous treatment of 5-Aminosalicylic acid and treadmill exercise more effectively improves ulcerative colitis in mice","volume":"25","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2021.07.006","article-title":"Exercise and the kynurenine pathway: current state of knowledge and results from a randomized cross-over study comparing acute effects of endurance and resistance training","volume":"26","author":"Joisten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exerc Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061554","article-title":"A nationwide survey of dementia prevalence in long-term care facilities in Taiwan","volume":"11","author":"Kao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000089337.73244.9B","article-title":"Targeting the metabolic syndrome with exercise: evidence from the HERITAGE family study","volume":"35","author":"Katzmarzyk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08980","article-title":"The genetics of ageing","volume":"464","author":"Kenyon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48111","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048111","article-title":"Cytokines induced neutrophil extracellular traps formation: implication for the inflammatory disease condition","volume":"7","author":"Keshari","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e068465","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-068465","article-title":"Effectiveness of physical activity interventions delivered or prompted by health professionals in primary care settings: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"376","author":"Kettle","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178ra40","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005580","article-title":"NETs are a source of citrullinated autoantigens and stimulate inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"5","author":"Khandpur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020559","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps and their implications in cardiovascular and inflammatory disease","volume":"22","author":"Klopf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67390","article-title":"Peptidylarginine deiminase inhibition is immunomodulatory and vasculoprotective in murine lupus","volume":"123","author":"Knight","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.303312","article-title":"Peptidylarginine deiminase inhibition reduces vascular damage and modulates innate immune responses in murine models of atherosclerosis","volume":"114","author":"Knight","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0119-9","article-title":"S100B as a marker for brain damage and blood\u2013brain barrier disruption following exercise","volume":"44","author":"Koh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44879","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9821","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in aging and cancer","volume":"7","author":"Kudryavtseva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k1675","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1675","article-title":"Dementia and physical activity (DAPA) trial of moderate to high intensity exercise training for people with dementia: randomised controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Lamb","year":"","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta22280","article-title":"Aerobic and strength training exercise programme for cognitive impairment in people with mild to moderate dementia: the DAPA RCT","volume":"22","author":"Lamb","year":"","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2014-0452","article-title":"Exercise training modifies gut microbiota in normal and diabetic mice","volume":"40","author":"Lambert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. Physiol. Appl. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10071036","article-title":"Deoxyribonucleases and their applications in biomedicine","volume":"10","author":"Laukov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12739","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912739","article-title":"Effectiveness of rehabilitation exercise in improving physical function of stroke patients: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106064","article-title":"Constraint-induced movement therapy alleviates motor impairment by inhibiting the accumulation of neutrophil extracellular traps in ischemic cortex","volume":"179","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-024-01384-2","article-title":"Pathogenic role and clinical significance of neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2024.100242","article-title":"Triptolide regulates neutrophil function through the hippo signaling pathway to alleviate rheumatoid arthritis disease progression","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Autoimmun."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12980-2","article-title":"CXCR3 enables recruitment and site-specific bystander activation of memory CD8+ T cells","volume":"10","author":"Maurice","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-24-00293","article-title":"Textual evidence systematic reviews series paper 3: critical appraisal of evidence from narrative, opinion, and policy","volume":"23","author":"McArthur","year":"2025","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Synth."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12224-7","article-title":"Exercise accelerates recruitment of CD8+ T cell to promotes anti-tumor immunity in lung cancer via epinephrine","volume":"24","author":"Miao","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9605","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119605","article-title":"The S100B protein: a multifaceted pathogenic factor more than a biomarker","volume":"24","author":"Michetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2019.05.003","article-title":"The effects of different types of physical exercise on physical and cognitive function in frail institutionalized older adults with mild to moderate cognitive impairment. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"83","author":"Mollinedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.70252\/BNAX9498","article-title":"A community-based boxing program is associated with improved balance in individuals with parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc Sci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18892-1","article-title":"\u201cAre we working (too) comfortably?\u201d: a focus group study to understand sedentary behaviour when working at home and identify intervention strategies","volume":"24","author":"Morton","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002112","article-title":"Exercise training modulates gut microbiota profile and improves endotoxemia","volume":"52","author":"Motiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1785","article-title":"Neutrophils and immunity: challenges and opportunities","volume":"6","author":"Nathan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31818767b9","article-title":"Resistance exercise sessions do not provoke acute immunosuppression in older women","volume":"23","author":"Neves","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00982.x","article-title":"Time use and physical activity: a shift away from movement across the globe","volume":"13","author":"Ng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01994.x","article-title":"Exercise training and plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in elderly people","volume":"56","author":"Nicklas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-019-09496-2","article-title":"Cell death mechanisms in eukaryotes","volume":"36","author":"Nirmala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e786","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.786","article-title":"Hypoxia and aging: molecular mechanisms, diseases, and therapeutic targets","volume":"5","author":"Nisar","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081749","article-title":"Bacteroidetes species are correlated with disease activity in ulcerative colitis","volume":"10","author":"Nomura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112849","article-title":"Physical exercise promotes DNase activity enhancing the capacity to degrade neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"10","author":"Ondracek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.105","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease","volume":"18","author":"Papayannopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2009.09.005","article-title":"Senescence of the human immune system","volume":"142","author":"Pawelec","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.01.011","article-title":"Voluntary running suppresses tumor growth through Epinephrine- and IL-6-Dependent NK cell mobilization and redistribution","volume":"23","author":"Pedersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631821","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.631821","article-title":"Neutrophils: many Ways to Die","volume":"12","author":"P\u00e9rez-Figueroa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-1743","article-title":"Neutralization of tumor acidity improves antitumor responses to immunotherapy","volume":"76","author":"Pilon-Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733314","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.733314","article-title":"Prevalence of dementia in China in 2015: a Nationwide community-based study","volume":"9","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9524","DOI":"10.3390\/su13179524","article-title":"Changes in workers\u2019 physical activity and sedentary behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"13","author":"R\u00e1thonyi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13412","article-title":"Cellular immune response to acute exercise: comparison of endurance and resistance exercise","volume":"105","author":"Schlagheck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102083","article-title":"A new face of old cells: an overview about the role of senescence and telomeres in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"91","author":"Sienkiewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1499809","article-title":"The impact of exercise training on the lipid peroxidation metabolomic profile and respiratory infection risk in older adults","volume":"19","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00237.x","article-title":"Production of interleukin\u20106 in contracting human skeletal muscles can account for the exercise\u2010induced increase in plasma interleukin\u20106","volume":"529","author":"Steensberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21724","article-title":"Mutual regulation of tumour vessel normalization and immunostimulatory reprogramming","volume":"544","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2022.111898","article-title":"Effects of functional and combined training on subsets of memory T cells and functional fitness of postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"167","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2023.112280","article-title":"High-intensity interval training reduces the induction of neutrophil extracellular traps in older men using live-neutrophil imaging as biosensor","volume":"181","author":"Vidal-Seguel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-008-9138-6","article-title":"The immune risk profile is associated with age and gender: findings from three Swedish population studies of individuals 20\u2013100 years of age","volume":"9","author":"Wikby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9063-9_1","article-title":"The immune risk profile and associated parameters in late life: lessons from the OCTO and NONA longitudinal studies","volume-title":"Handbook on Immunosenescence","author":"Wikby","year":"2009"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2020.103422","article-title":"Chronic inflammation and the growth hormone\/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis","volume":"45","author":"Witkowska-S\u0119dek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cent-Eur J. Immunol."},{"key":"B107","unstructured":"Life expectancy at birth (years)\n          \n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.175618","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids drive neutrophil extracellular trap formation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"945","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01908","article-title":"S100 proteins as an important regulator of macrophage inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.05.006","article-title":"The joint association of insulin sensitivity and physical activity on the skeletal muscle mass and performance in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"95","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.05.002","article-title":"Mild hyperthermia promotes immune checkpoint blockade-based immunotherapy against metastatic pancreatic cancer using size-adjustable nanoparticles","volume":"133","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00402-x","article-title":"Pre-operative exercise therapy triggers anti-inflammatory trained immunity of kupffer cells through metabolic reprogramming","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fragi.2026.1832962\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T06:02:55Z","timestamp":1779775375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fragi.2026.1832962\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"references-count":112,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fragi.2026.1832962"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fragi.2026.1832962","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-6217","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"article-number":"1832962"}}