{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:56:01Z","timestamp":1790751361910,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related joint disease characterized by chronic inflammation and extracellular matrix degradation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in synovial fluid (SF) may modulate intercellular communication and influence disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SF, cartilage, and synovial tissue were collected from knee OA patients (n = 68). SF-derived EVs (SF-EVs) were isolated by size exclusion chromatography and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tunable resistive pulse sensing (qNano), and ELISA analysis of EV-associated markers (CD9, CD81, TSG101, and PDCD6IP) and the negative marker calnexin.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      experiments were performed using primary synoviocytes and chondrocytes stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2 in the presence or absence of SF-EVs. Inflammatory and catabolic markers were measured.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SF-EVs (\u223c261\u00a0nm; \u223c7 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                      particles\/mL) expressed canonical EV markers. In synoviocytes, SF-EVs reduced IL-1\u03b2-induced proliferation and decreased IL-6 and MMP-3 while increasing hyaluronic acid (HA). In chondrocytes, SF-EVs reduced IL-6 and MMP-13 and enhanced HA and IL-1Ra production, with sustained effects over time.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that SF-EVs can modulate inflammatory and matrix-related responses in joint-resident cells under IL-1\u03b2-induced inflammatory conditions. Their distinct effects on synoviocytes and chondrocytes highlight the potential role of SF-EVs in regulating cell-specific responses within the osteoarthritic joint and warrant further investigation into their contribution to OA pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2026.1894052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:00:38Z","timestamp":1790748038000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synovial fluid-derived extracellular vesicles modulate joint cell function in osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Compa\u00f1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia","place":["Valencia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittoria","family":"Carrabs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University CEU Cardenal Herrera","place":["Valencia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"Ferr\u00e1ndiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia","place":["Valencia, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia","place":["Valencia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Clinical Hospital","place":["Valencia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ribera IMSKE","place":["Valencia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Carmen","family":"Carceller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia","place":["Valencia, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia","place":["Valencia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Guill\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia","place":["Valencia, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University CEU Cardenal Herrera","place":["Valencia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010098","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells as novel treatments for musculoskeletal diseases","volume":"9","author":"Alcaraz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1111\/hae.15097","article-title":"Pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and hemophilic arthropathy: the role of angiogenesis","volume":"30","author":"Caliogna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Haemophilia"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16111386","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid hampers the inflammatory response elicited by extracellular vesicles from activated monocytes in human chondrocytes","volume":"16","author":"Carrabs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2024.100786","article-title":"Advancements in chondrocyte 3-dimensional embedded culture: implications for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine","volume":"48","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. 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