{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:30:47Z","timestamp":1753893047154,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Artif. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper focuses on the collaboration between human drivers and intelligent vehicles. We propose a collaboration mechanism grounded on the concept of distributed cognition. With distributed cognition, intelligence does not lie just in the single entity but also in the interaction with the other cognitive components in a system. We apply this idea to vehicle intelligence, proposing a system distributed into two cognitive entities\u2014the human and the autonomous agent\u2014that together contribute to drive the vehicle. This account of vehicle intelligence differs from the mainstream research effort on highly autonomous cars. The proposed mechanism follows one of the paradigm derived from distributed cognition, the <jats:italic>rider-horse<\/jats:italic> metaphor: just like the rider communicates their intention to the horse through the reins, the human influences the agent using the pedals and the steering wheel. We use a driving simulator to demonstrate the collaboration in action, showing how the human can communicate and interact with the agent in various ways with safe outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2022.910801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T10:07:16Z","timestamp":1661422036000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Distributed cognition for collaboration between human drivers and self-driving cars"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Plebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gastone Pietro","family":"Rosati Papini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonello","family":"Cherubini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Da Lio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315295657","volume-title":"Automobile Automation: Distributed Cognition on the Road (1st ed.)","author":"Banks","year":"2017"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2014.2336271","article-title":"Three decades of driver assistence systems","volume":"6","author":"Bengler","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. 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