{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T03:33:44Z","timestamp":1781148824953,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Artif. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining traction in healthcare, especially for patients\u2019 education. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) require continuous engagement, yet the quality of online information accessed by patients is inconsistent. ChatGPT, a generative AI model, has shown promise in medical scenarios, but its role in IBD communication needs further evaluation. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of ChatGPT-4\u2019s responses to common patient questions about IBD, compared to those provided by experienced IBD specialists.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-five frequently asked questions were collected during routine IBD outpatient visits and categorized into five themes: pregnancy\/breastfeeding, diet, vaccinations, lifestyle, and medical therapy\/surgery. Each question was answered by ChatGPT-4 and by two expert gastroenterologists. Responses were anonymized and evaluated by 12 physicians (six IBD experts and six non-experts) using a 5-point Likert scale across four dimensions: accuracy, reliability, comprehensibility, and actionability. Evaluators also attempted to identify whether responses were AI- or human-generated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>ChatGPT-4 responses received significantly higher overall scores than those from human experts (mean 4.28 vs. 4.05; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). The best-rated scenarios were medical therapy and surgery; the diet scenario consistently received lower scores. Only 33% of AI-generated responses were correctly identified as such, indicating strong similarity to human-written answers. Both expert and non-expert evaluators rated AI responses highly, though IBD specialists gave higher ratings overall.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>ChatGPT-4 generated high-quality, clear, and actionable responses to IBD-related patient questions, often outperforming human experts. Its outputs were frequently indistinguishable from those written by physicians, suggesting potential as a supportive tool for patient education. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to assess real-world application and ensure appropriate use in personalized clinical care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2025.1678320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T05:29:26Z","timestamp":1760074166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["When AI speaks like a specialist: ChatGPT-4 in the management of inflammatory bowel disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"De Cristofaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Zorzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Colella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna Del Vecchio","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gionata","family":"Fiorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Lolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurulamin","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loris Riccardo","family":"Lopetuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Pioche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Grimaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omero Alessandro","family":"Paoluzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Roseira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Sena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Troncone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Monteleone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Marafini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldab016","article-title":"The promise of artificial intelligence: a review of the opportunities and challenges of artificial intelligence in healthcare","volume":"139","author":"Aung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17111879","article-title":"Dietary interventions and oral nutritional supplementation in inflammatory bowel disease: current evidence and future directions","volume":"17","author":"Barberio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.igie.2025.01.012","article-title":"Unveiling the effectiveness of chat-GPT 4.0, an artificial intelligence conversational tool, for addressing common patient queries in gastrointestinal endoscopy","volume":"4","author":"Calabrese","year":"2025","journal-title":"iGIE"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i1.17","article-title":"May ChatGPT be a tool producing medical information for common inflammatory bowel disease patients' questions? An evidence-controlled analysis","volume":"30","author":"Gravina","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2303.13375","article-title":"Capabilities of GPT-4 on medical challenge problems","volume":"6","author":"Harsha Nori","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000198","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000198","article-title":"Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models","volume":"2","author":"Kung","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a25689416","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2568-9416","article-title":"Exploring ChatGPT effectiveness in addressing direct patient queries on colorectal cancer screening","volume":"13","author":"Maida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103410","article-title":"Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: common and different pathogenic and clinical features","volume":"22","author":"Monteleone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.01.024","article-title":"Disease monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease: evolving principles and possibilities","volume":"162","author":"Plevris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae040","article-title":"Accuracy of information given by ChatGPT for patients with inflammatory bowel disease in relation to ECCO guidelines","volume":"18","author":"Sciberras","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frai.2025.1678320\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T05:29:26Z","timestamp":1760074166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frai.2025.1678320\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"references-count":10,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frai.2025.1678320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2025.1678320","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-8212"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-8212","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"article-number":"1678320"}}