{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T06:18:22Z","timestamp":1787811502711,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":220,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Artif. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Organizational closure occupies a central position in contemporary theories of autonomy, anticipation, agency, sense making, and the continuity between life and mind. Its investigation has given rise to a diverse landscape of related explanations, including closure to information, cyclic closure, operational closure, semantic closure, closure-to-efficient causation, metabolic closure, and closure of constraints. Although each of these explanatory approaches captures important aspects of organizational closure, their proliferation has often generated conceptual ambiguity. As a result, organizational closure is frequently conflated with feedback loops, recursive algorithms, self-organization, or biochemical cycles. This paper develops a genealogical conceptual analysis of the research programs from which these various accounts emerged, tracing their origins across mathematical logic, first- and second-order cybernetics, general systems theory, thermodynamics, metabolic theory, relational biology, and the biology of cognition. In doing so, it provides a principled framework for assessing the commitments involved whenever a notion of closure is invoked, while clarifying the origins of these explanations and the relations among them. Particular attention is devoted to the roles of self-reference, circular causality, replication maps, semantics, free energy, automata, operations, and constraints in shaping the current understanding of organizational closure. On this basis, the study advances the interpretative thesis that organizational closure is most coherently understood as a circular organization of efficient causes through which living beings continuously produce and maintain the conditions of their own existence. From this perspective, organizational closure appears irreducible to purely algorithmic descriptions inherited from the Church\u2013Turing thesis\u2014not because living beings cannot be simulated in specific respects, but because the causal production of the conditions of their own realization cannot be exhaustively characterized as a state-determined syntactic procedure. This interpretation helps clarify the distinctions between organizational closure and the notions with which it is often conflated, while providing a framework for assessing current debates concerning artificial intelligence, large language models (LLMs), semantic meaning, and sense making in the face of ambiguity and logical paradox.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2026.1806435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:34:28Z","timestamp":1787808868000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genealogies of organizational closure: from logical paradox to mind in life"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sergio","family":"Rubin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Complex Systems (CRiSiCo), Department of Communication, Arts and Media, IULM University","place":["Milan, Italy"]},{"name":"Centre Leo Apostel (CLEA), Vrije Universit\u00ebit Brussel","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Roli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Campus of Cesena), Universit\u00e0 di Bologna","place":["Cesena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Stano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento","place":["Lecce, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Damiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Complex Systems (CRiSiCo), Department of Communication, Arts and Media, IULM University","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Design for a Brain: The Origin of Adaptive Behavior","author":"Ashby","year":"1952"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"An Introduction to Cybernetics","author":"Ashby","year":"1958"},{"key":"ref9001","unstructured":"Principles of the self-organizing system\n          \n          255\n          278\n          \n            \n              Ashby\n              W. R.\n            \n          \n          \n            \n              Zopf\n              G. W.\n            \n            \n              von Foerster\n              H.\n            \n          \n          London, UK\n          Pergamon Press\n          Principles of Self-Organization: Transactions of the University of Illinois Symposium"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Aspects of the Theory of Artificial Intelligence","author":"Ashby","year":""},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Anticipation and structural coupling: two sides of the same coin","author":"Astorga","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3406\/comm.1972.1256","article-title":"Du bruit comme principe d\u2019auto-organisation","volume":"18","author":"Atlan","year":"","journal-title":"Communications"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"L\u2019organisation biologique et la th\u00e9orie de l\u2019information","author":"Atlan","year":""},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-8176-4910-4","volume-title":"Viability Theory","author":"Aubin","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218339009002715","article-title":"Biological organization and anti-entropy","volume":"17","author":"Bailly","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Syst."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1142\/p774","volume-title":"Mathematics and the natural Sciences: the Physical Singularity of life","author":"Bailly","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s12304-012-9162-4","article-title":"Codepoiesis\u2013the deep logic of life","volume":"5","author":"Barbieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosemiotics"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2017.10.005","article-title":"What is code biology?","volume":"164","author":"Barbieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1126\/science.302.5642.44","article-title":"Studying the well-trained mind","volume":"302","author":"Barinaga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref9777","author":"Bateson","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity","author":"Bateson","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-018-0002-3","article-title":"Learnability can be undecidable","volume":"1","author":"Ben-David","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Lectures on the Phenomena of life common to Animals and Plants","author":"Bernard","year":"1850"},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Synthetic modelling of biological communication: a theoretical and operational framework for the investigation of minimal life and cognition\n          \n          267\n          287\n          \n            \n              Bich\n              L.\n            \n            \n              Frick\n              R.\n            \n          \n          10.25088\/ComplexSystems.27.3.267\n          Complex Syst.\n          27\n          2018","DOI":"10.25088\/ComplexSystems.27.3.267"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812779953_0015","volume-title":"Physics of Emergence and Organization","author":"Bich","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/482461a","article-title":"Life\u2019s code script","volume":"482","author":"Brenner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105567","article-title":"Studying organisational closure in biological systems with process-enablement graphs","volume":"257","author":"Brown","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref9003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Organization for physiological homeostasis\n          \n          399\n          431\n          \n            \n              Cannon\n              W. B.\n            \n          \n          10.1152\/physrev.1929.9.3.399\n          Physiol. Rev.\n          9\n          1929","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1929.9.3.399"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-00083-3","article-title":"Machine learning comes up against unsolvable problem","volume":"565","author":"Castelvecchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-0553-8","volume-title":"Newton to Aristotle: Toward a Theory of Models for Living Systems","author":"Casti","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2007.05.010","article-title":"Autonomy and hypersets","volume":"91","author":"Chemero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1162\/106454606775186392","article-title":"A category theoretical argument against the possibility of artificial life: Robert Rosen\u2019s central proof revisited","volume":"12","author":"Chu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Artif. Life"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2307\/2269326","article-title":"A note on the Entscheidungsproblem","volume":"1","author":"Church","year":"1936","journal-title":"J. Symb. Log."},{"key":"ref9004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Every good regulator of a system must be a model of that system\n          \n          89\n          97\n          \n            \n              Conant\n              R. C.\n            \n            \n              Ashby\n              W. R.\n            \n          \n          10.1080\/00207727008920220\n          Int. J. Syst. Sci.\n          1\n          1970","DOI":"10.1080\/00207727008920220"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-010-9725-3","article-title":"Co-emergences in life and science: a double proposal for biological emergentism","volume":"185","author":"Damiano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2025.1694338","article-title":"Wetware network-based AI: a chemical approach to embodied cognition for robotics and artificial intelligence","volume":"12","author":"Damiano","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"ref9005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mechanization of thought processes\n          \n          225\n          226\n          \n            \n              Davies\n              D.\n            \n          \n          10.1038\/183225a0\n          Nature\n          183\n          1959","DOI":"10.1038\/183225a0"},{"key":"ref9006","unstructured":"Danielli\n              J. F.\n            \n          \n          Colorado\n          Fort Collins\n          Summer Colloquium in Theoretical Biology\n          \n          1969"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s12304-021-09453-9","article-title":"How molecules became signs","volume":"14","author":"Deacon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosemiotics"},{"key":"ref9007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artificial cell research as a field that connects chemical, biological and philosophical questions\n          \n          443\n          448\n          \n            \n              Deplazes-Zemp\n              A.\n            \n          \n          10.2533\/chimia.2016.443\n          Chimia (Aarau).\n          70\n          2016","DOI":"10.2533\/chimia.2016.443"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33735\/phimisci.2022.9187","article-title":"Laying down a forking path: tensions between enaction and the free energy principle","volume":"3","author":"Di Paolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Philos. Mind Sci."},{"key":"ref29","volume-title":"On the Origins of Cognitive Science: The Mechanization of the mind","author":"Dupuy","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"The Hypercycle. A Principle of Natural Self-Organization","author":"Eigen","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105574","article-title":"From correlation to causation: unraveling the impact of closure on open-ended evolution within the Kauffman model","volume":"257","author":"Faggian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02458289","article-title":"\u201cThe arrival of the fittest\u201d: toward a theory of biological organization","volume":"56","author":"Fontana","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"ref178","unstructured":"Interview with Heinz von Foerster\n          \n          288\n          307\n          \n            \n              Franchi\n              S.\n            \n            \n              G\u00fczeldere\n              G.\n            \n            \n              Minch\n              E.\n            \n          \n          Stanf. Humanit. Rev.\n          4\n          1995"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130475","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0475","article-title":"Life as we know it","volume":"10","author":"Friston","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"From cybernetics to second-order cybernetics: a comparative analysis of their central ideas","volume":"5","author":"Froese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Constr. Found."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.1116","article-title":"From second-order cybernetics to enactive cognitive science: Varela\u2019s turn from epistemology to phenomenology","volume":"28","author":"Froese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Syst. Res. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8903-1","volume-title":"Chemoton Theory: Theory of living Systems","author":"G\u00e1nti","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-019-0748-5","article-title":"Mathematical languages shape our understanding of time in physics","volume":"16","author":"Gisin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01700692","article-title":"\u00dcber formal unentscheidbare S\u00e4tze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I","volume":"38","author":"G\u00f6del","year":"1931","journal-title":"Monatsh. Math. Phys."},{"key":"ref39","volume-title":"Gentle Bridges: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on the Sciences of Mind","author":"Hayward","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref9008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heims\n              S. J.\n            \n          \n          Cambridge, MA\n          MIT Press\n          The Cybernetics Group\n          \n          1991","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2260.001.0001"},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"Grundz\u00fcge der theoretischen logik","author":"Hilbert","year":"1928"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044452085-2\/50012-7","volume-title":"Systems Biology","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"G\u00f6del, Escher, Bach: an eternal golden braid","author":"Hofstadter","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03081077508960827","article-title":"Introductory comments to Francisco Varela\u2019s calculus for self-reference","volume":"2","author":"Howe","year":"1975","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Syst."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/224177a0","article-title":"Homeostasis and differentiation in random genetic control networks","volume":"224","author":"Kauffman","year":"1969","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/01969727108545830","article-title":"Cellular homeostasis, epigenesis and replication in randomly aggregated macromolecular systems","volume":"1","author":"Kauffman","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Cybern."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5193(86)80047-9","article-title":"Autocatalytic sets of proteins","volume":"119","author":"Kauffman","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"299","volume-title":"The Sciences of Complexity and \u201cOrigins of order.\u201d PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","author":"Kauffman","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity","author":"Kauffman","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1099-0526(199611\/12)2:2<>3.0.co;2-l","article-title":"Autonomous agents, self-constructing biospheres, and science","volume":"2","author":"Kauffman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195121049.001.0001","volume-title":"Investigations","author":"Kauffman","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref51","volume-title":"A World beyond Physics: the Emergence and Evolution of life","author":"Kauffman","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref9011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Answering Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019s \u201cWhat Is Life?\u201d\n          \n          815\n          \n            \n              Kauffman\n              S.\n            \n          \n          10.3390\/e22080815\n          Entropy\n          22\n          2020","DOI":"10.3390\/e22080815"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s12304-021-09466-4","article-title":"Autogen is a Kantian whole in the non-entailed world","volume":"14","author":"Kauffman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosemiotics"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-1750(80)90008-1","article-title":"Form dynamics","volume":"3","author":"Kauffman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Soc. Biol. Struct."},{"key":"ref9012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The problem of meaning: the free energy principle and artificial agency\n          \n          844773\n          \n            \n              Kiverstein\n              J.\n            \n            \n              Kirchhoff\n              M. D.\n            \n            \n              Froese\n              T.\n            \n          \n          10.3389\/fnbot.2022.844773\n          Front. Neurorobot.\n          16\n          2022","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2022.844773"},{"key":"ref9013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Representation of events in nerve nets and finite automata\n          \n          3\n          41\n          \n            \n              Kleene\n              S. C.\n            \n          \n          \n            \n              Shannon\n              C. E.\n            \n            \n              McCarthy\n              J.\n            \n          \n          Princeton\n          Princeton University Press\n          Automata Studies\n          \n          1956","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400882618-002"},{"key":"ref9014","unstructured":"Kleene\n              S. C.\n            \n          \n          New York\n          John Wiley & Sons\n          Mathematical Logic\n          \n          1967"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0555-3","volume-title":"Applied general Systems Research: recent Developments and Trends","author":"Klir","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3529","DOI":"10.3390\/math12223529","article-title":"Robert Rosen\u2019s relational biology theory and his emphasis on non-algorithmic approaches to living systems","volume":"12","author":"Lane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2011.06.033","article-title":"From L\u2019Homme machine to metabolic closure: steps towards understanding life","volume":"286","author":"Letelier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(03)00034-1","article-title":"Autopoietic and (M, R) systems","volume":"222","author":"Letelier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2005.07.007","article-title":"Organizational invariance and metabolic closure: analysis in terms of (M, R) systems","volume":"238","author":"Letelier","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref9015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"What the frog\u2019s eye tells the frog\u2019s brain\n          \n          1940\n          1951\n          \n            \n              Lettvin\n              J. Y.\n            \n            \n              Maturana\n              H. R.\n            \n            \n              McCulloch\n              W. S.\n            \n            \n              Pitts\n              W. H.\n            \n          \n          10.1109\/JRPROC.1959.287207\n          Proc. IRE\n          47\n          1959","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1959.287207"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02476604","article-title":"An axiomatic explanation of complete self-reproduction","volume":"30","author":"L\u00f6fgren","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biophys."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/03081077408960753","article-title":"A review of: dynamical system theory in biology, by Robert Rosen. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1970. 302 pp","volume":"1","author":"L\u00f6fgren","year":"1974","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Syst."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1162\/artl.2007.13.3.293","article-title":"A living system must have noncomputable models","volume":"13","author":"Louie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Artif. Life"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110321944","volume-title":"More than life itself: A synthetic Continuation in Relational Biology","author":"Louie","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/03081079.2011.622088","article-title":"Anticipation in (M,R)-systems","volume":"41","author":"Louie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Syst."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2020.104179","article-title":"Relational biology and Church\u2019s thesis","volume":"197","author":"Louie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11084-014-9386-1","article-title":"A new start from ground zero?","volume":"44","author":"Luisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orig. Life Evol. Biosph."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2284-2_20","volume-title":"Slanted Truths","author":"Margulis","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520340510","volume-title":"Microcosmos","author":"Margulis","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01552","article-title":"A compositional neural architecture for language","volume":"32","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Cognition: A Multiple View","author":"Maturana","year":"1969"},{"key":"ref70","volume-title":"Biology of Cognition","author":"Maturana","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7373(75)80015-0","article-title":"The organization of the living: a theory of the living organization","volume":"7","author":"Maturana","year":"1975","journal-title":"Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud."},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Autopoiesis, Dissipative Structures and Spontaneous social Orders, AAAS Selected Symposium 55","author":"Maturana","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1750(83)80013-X","article-title":"Comment on \u201cshort articles on unsolved problems: all things are full of gods\u2014or information by Fedanzo.\u201d","volume":"6","author":"Maturana","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Soc. Biol. Struct."},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"5","article-title":"Autopoiesis, structural coupling and cognition: a history of these and other notions in the biology of cognition","volume":"9","author":"Maturana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cybern. Hum. Knowing"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"261","article-title":"The origin of species by means of natural drift","volume":"73","author":"Maturana","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat."},{"key":"ref9009","unstructured":"Maturana\n              H. R.\n            \n            \n              Poerksen\n              B.\n            \n          \n          Heidelberg\n          Carl-Auer Verlag\n          From Being to Doing: The Origins of the Biology of Cognition\n          \n          2004"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.1124","article-title":"Preface to the second edition of \u201cDe M\u00e1quinas y Seres Vivos - autopoiesis: La organizaci\u00f3n de lo vivo\u201d by Humberto Maturana","volume":"28","author":"Maturana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Syst. Res. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref77","volume-title":"De M\u00e1quinas y Seres Vivos: Una teor\u00eda sobre la organizaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica","author":"Maturana","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref78","volume-title":"Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding","author":"Maturana","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref79","volume-title":"L\u2019albero della conoscenza. Le radici biologiche della conoscenza umana","author":"Maturana","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref80","volume-title":"Embodiments of Mind","author":"McCulloch","year":"1965"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Recollections of the many Sources of Cybernetics ASC Forum","author":"McCulloch","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02478259","article-title":"A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity","volume":"5","author":"McCulloch","year":"1943","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biophys."},{"key":"ref9010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biological mechanisms contradict AI consciousness: the spaces between the notes\n          \n          105387\n          \n            \n              Miller\n              W. B.\n              Jr.\n            \n            \n              Balu\u0161ka\n              F.\n            \n            \n              Reber\n              A. S.\n            \n            \n              Slijep\u010devi\u0107\n              P.\n            \n          \n          10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105387\n          Biosystems\n          247\n          2025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105387"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2015.02.029","article-title":"Biological organisation as closure of constraints","volume":"372","author":"Mont\u00e9vil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00611","article-title":"The identity of organisms in scientific practice: integrating historical and relational conceptions","volume":"11","author":"Mont\u00e9vil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9837-2","volume-title":"Biological Autonomy: A Philosophical and Theoretical Enquiry","author":"Moreno","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref86","volume-title":"Energy Flow in Biology: Biological Organization as a Problem in Thermal Physics","author":"Morowitz","year":"1968"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.12.012","article-title":"A computable expression of closure to efficient causation","volume":"257","author":"Mossio","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2016.07.005","article-title":"Theoretical principles for biology: organization","volume":"122","author":"Mossio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"94","article-title":"Natural drift: a minimal theory with maximal consequences","volume":"18","author":"Mpodozis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Found."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2025.2523875","article-title":"ROSE: a universal neural grammar","volume":"16","author":"Murphy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/03081070903453685","article-title":"Anticipation and dynamics: Rosen\u2019s anticipation in the perspective of time","author":"Nadin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Syst."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1099-1735(199609)13:3<>3.0.co;2-g","article-title":"Heinz von Foerster\u2019s self organization, the progenitor of conversation and interaction theories","volume":"13","author":"Pask","year":"1996","journal-title":"Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref93","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Laws, Lang Life","author":"Pattee","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200790187","article-title":"Laws, constraints, and the modeling relation\u2013history and interpretations","volume":"4","author":"Pattee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s12304-008-9012-6","article-title":"Physical and functional conditions for symbols, codes, and languages","volume":"1","author":"Pattee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosemiotics"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s12304-021-09458-4","article-title":"Symbol grounding precedes interpretation","volume":"14","author":"Pattee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosemiotics"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00080675","article-title":"Pr\u00e9cis of the emperor\u2019s new mind: concerning computers, minds, and the laws of physics","volume":"13","author":"Penrose","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref98","volume-title":"Biologie et connaissance; essai sur les relations entre les regulations organiques et les processus cognitifs","author":"Piaget","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3542","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1841255","article-title":"On symmetry-breaking instabilities in dissipative systems","volume":"46","author":"Prigogine","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2017.09.001","article-title":"Answering Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019s question: a free-energy formulation","volume":"24","author":"Ramstead","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Life Rev"},{"key":"ref9017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Outline of a physico-mathematical theory of excitation and inhibition\n          \n          42\n          56\n          \n            \n              Rashevsky\n              N.\n            \n          \n          10.1007\/BF02674811\n          Protoplasma\n          20\n          1933","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02674811"},{"key":"ref101","volume-title":"Mathematical Biophysics: Physico-Mathematical Foundations of Biology","author":"Rashevsky","year":"1938"},{"key":"ref9018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"On the so called plasticity of the central nervous system\n          \n          93\n          94\n          \n            \n              Rashevsky\n              N.\n            \n          \n          10.1007\/BF02478107\n          Bull. Math. Biophys.\n          1\n          1939","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02478107"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02478028","article-title":"An approach to the mathematical biophysics of biological self-regulation and of cell polarity","volume":"2","author":"Rashevsky","year":"1940","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biophys."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02484495","article-title":"Topology and life: in search of general mathematical principles in biology and sociology","volume":"16","author":"Rashevsky","year":"1954","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biophys."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02477842","article-title":"The geometrization of biology","volume":"18","author":"Rashevsky","year":"1956","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biophys."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-00012-4","article-title":"Unprovability comes to machine learning","volume":"565","author":"Reyzin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref9019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Is every cognitive phenomenon computable?\n          \n          535\n          \n            \n              Rodriguez-Vergara\n              F.\n            \n            \n              Husbands\n              P.\n            \n          \n          10.3390\/math1403053\n          Mathematics\n          14\n          2026","DOI":"10.3390\/math14030535"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20250038","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2025.0038","article-title":"The creation of information: how evolution generates novel improvisations in the biosphere","volume":"15","author":"Roli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02478302","article-title":"A relational theory of biological systems","volume":"20","author":"Rosen","year":"1958","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biophys."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02477897","article-title":"On a logical paradox implicit in the notion of a self-reproducing automation","volume":"21","author":"Rosen","year":"1959","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biophys."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02477996","article-title":"Church\u2019s thesis and its relation to the concept of realizability in biology and physics","volume":"24","author":"Rosen","year":"1962","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biophys."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1086\/288005","article-title":"The Gibbs\u2019 paradox and the distinguishability of physical systems","volume":"31","author":"Rosen","year":"1964","journal-title":"Philos. Sci."},{"key":"ref111","volume-title":"Dynamical System Theory in Biology: Stability Theory and its Applications","author":"Rosen","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02476776","article-title":"Some realizations of (M, R)-systems and their interpretation","volume":"33","author":"Rosen","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biophys."},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3109\/00207457209147630","article-title":"On the relation between structural and functional descriptions of biological systems","volume":"3","author":"Rosen","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref114","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Foundations of Mathematical Biology: Cellular Systems","author":"Rosen","year":""},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02558788","article-title":"On the dynamical realization of (M, R)-systems","volume":"35","author":"Rosen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"ref116","first-page":"73","article-title":"Review on \u201cstability and origin of biological information\u201d by I. R. Miller. The University of Chicago Press","volume":"52","author":"Rosen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"ref9020","unstructured":"Rosen\n              R.\n            \n          \n          New York\n          North-Holland\n          Fundamentals of Measurement and Representation of Natural Systems"},{"key":"ref117","first-page":"489","volume-title":"Applied General Systems Research: Recent Developments and Trends","author":"Rosen","year":""},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/03081077808960692","article-title":"Review of: self-organization in nonequilibrium systems, by G. Nicolis and I. Prigogine, Jhon Wiley, New York, 1977, 491 pp","volume":"4","author":"Rosen","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Syst."},{"key":"ref9021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sixth annual Ludwig von Bertalanffy memorial lecture\n          \n          238\n          249\n          \n            \n              Rosen\n              R.\n            \n          \n          10.1002\/bs.3830240403\n          Behav. Sci.\n          24\n          1979","DOI":"10.1002\/bs.3830240403"},{"key":"ref119","volume-title":"Anticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical and Methodological Foundations","author":"Rosen","year":""},{"key":"ref120","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Information Processing in Biological Systems","author":"Rosen","year":""},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Thermodynamics and Regulation of Biological Processes","author":"Rosen","year":""},{"key":"ref122","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Theoretical Biology and Complexity","author":"Rosen","year":""},{"key":"ref9026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Second W. Ross Ashby memorial lecture 1984\n          \n          171\n          175\n          \n            \n              Rosen\n              R.\n            \n          \n          10.1002\/sres.3850020211\n          The Physics of Complexity. Syst. Res.\n          2","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.3850020211"},{"key":"ref9027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The physics of complexity,. Ashby memorial lecture\n          \n          35\n          42\n          \n            \n              Rosen\n              R.\n            \n          \n          \n            \n              Trappl\n              R.\n            \n          \n          10.1007\/978-1-4613-2225-2_3\n          New York and London\n          Plenum Press\n          Power, Autonomy, Utopia: New Approaches toward Complex Systems\n          \n          1986","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2225-2_3"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(88)90401-3","article-title":"Complexity and information","volume":"22","author":"Rosen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-1750(91)90337-P","article-title":"Beyond dynamical systems","volume":"14","author":"Rosen","year":"","journal-title":"J. Soc. Biol. Struct."},{"key":"ref125","volume-title":"Life itself: a Comprehensive Inquiry into the Nature, origin, and Fabrication of life","author":"Rosen","year":""},{"key":"ref126","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Beyond Belief: Randomness, Prediction and Explanation in Science","author":"Rosen","year":""},{"key":"ref127","first-page":"999","article-title":"Review of: the origins of order: self-organization and selection in evolution, by Stuart a. Kauffman. Oxford university press, New York, 1993. xviii + 709 pp","volume":"56","author":"Rosen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"ref128","volume-title":"Essays on Life Itself","author":"Rosen","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10516-006-0001-6","article-title":"Autobiographical reminiscences of Robert Rosen","volume":"16","author":"Rosen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Axiomathes"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4172","DOI":"10.3390\/math10224172","article-title":"Robert Rosen\u2019s anticipatory systems theory: the science of life and mind","volume":"10","author":"Rosen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"ref9016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The perceptron: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain\n          \n          386\n          408\n          \n            \n              Rosenblatt\n              F.\n            \n          \n          10.1037\/h0042519\n          Psychol. Rev.\n          65\n          1958","DOI":"10.1037\/h0042519"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1086\/286788","article-title":"Behavior, purpose and teleology","volume":"10","author":"Rosenblueth","year":"1943","journal-title":"Philos. Sci."},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s12304-017-9303-x","article-title":"From the cellular standpoint: is DNA sequence genetic \u2018information\u2019?","volume":"10","author":"Rubin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosemiotics"},{"key":"ref133","first-page":"112","article-title":"Is natural drift a mechanism?","volume":"18","author":"Rubin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Found."},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2023.104955","article-title":"Cartography of the multiple formal systems of molecular autopoiesis: from the biology of cognition and enaction to anticipation and active inference","volume":"230","author":"Rubin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3390\/e23070915","article-title":"Earth\u2019s complexity is non-computable: the limits of scaling laws, nonlinearity and chaos","volume":"23","author":"Rubin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecocom.2022.100981","article-title":"Taking the Gaia hypothesis at face value","volume":"49","author":"Rubin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Complex."},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202005","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2020.0503","article-title":"Future climates: Markov blankets and active inference in the biosphere","volume":"17","author":"Rubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref138","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Sense-Making in Embodied AI. Towards Autopoietic Chemical AI","author":"Rubin","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-93631-9_7","volume-title":"Artificial Life and Evolutionary Computation","author":"Rubin","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2020.104314","article-title":"Beyond planetary-scale feedback self-regulation: Gaia as an autopoietic system","volume":"199","author":"Rubin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref141","volume-title":"What is Life?: The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell","author":"Schr\u00f6dinger","year":"1945"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A mathematical theory of communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref143","volume-title":"Laws of form","author":"Spencer-Brown","year":"1969"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143196","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2023.1143196","article-title":"Synthetic cell research: is technical progress leaving theoretical and epistemological investigations one step behind?","volume":"10","author":"Stano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06275.x","article-title":"From autopoiesis to semantic closure","volume":"901","author":"Stewart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1086\/414919","article-title":"Review of \u201ctheoretical biology and complexity. Three essays on the natural philosophy of complex systems\u201d edited by Robert Rosen. Academic press, Orlando","volume":"61","author":"Thom","year":"1986","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"ref147","volume-title":"Esquisse d\u2019une s\u00e9miophysique: Physique aristot\u00e9licienne et th\u00e9orie des catastrophes","author":"Thom","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref148","volume-title":"Gaia, a Way of Knowing: Political Implications of the New Biology","author":"Thompson","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref149","volume-title":"Gaia 2: Emergence. The New Science of Becoming","author":"Thompson","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref150","volume-title":"Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and the Sciences of Mind","author":"Thompson","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref9022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trappl\n              R.\n            \n          \n          New York and London\n          Plenum Press\n          Power, Autonomy, Utopia: New Approaches toward Complex Systems\n          \n          1986","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2225-2"},{"key":"ref151","first-page":"5","article-title":"On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem","volume":"58","author":"Turing","year":"1936","journal-title":"J. Math"},{"key":"ref9023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The chemical bases of morphogenesis\n          \n          37\n          72\n          \n            \n              Turing\n              A.\n            \n          \n          10.1098\/rstb.1952.0012\n          Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series, Biological Sciences\n          237\n          1952","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1952.0012"},{"key":"ref9024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metaphorising and Bayesian inference according to biology of cognition and enaction\n          \n          12012\n          \n            \n              Vald\u00e9s-Zorrilla\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Letelier\n              J.-C.\n            \n            \n              Soto-Andrade\n              J.\n            \n          \n          10.1088\/1757-899X\/1292\/1\/012012\n          IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (IOP Publishing)\n          1292\n          2023","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1292\/1\/012012"},{"key":"ref9025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Object construction via the action-perception helix, Bayesian inference and metaphorisation\n          \n          12014\n          \n            \n              Vald\u00e9s-Zorrilla\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Letelier\n              J.-C.\n            \n            \n              Soto-Andrade\n              J.\n            \n          \n          10.1088\/1757-899X\/1321\/1\/012014\n          IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (IOP Publishing)\n          1321\n          2024","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1321\/1\/012014"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8062-5_7","volume-title":"New Perspectives on Cybernetics: Self-Organization, Autonomy and Connectionism","author":"Van de Vijver","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/03081077508960828","article-title":"A calculus for self-reference","volume":"2","author":"Varela","year":"1975","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Syst."},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0555-3_5","volume-title":"Applied general Systems Research: Recent Developments and Trends","author":"Varela","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref156","volume-title":"Principles of Biological Autonomy","author":"Varela","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref157","first-page":"36","volume-title":"Autopoeisis: A Theory of the living Organization","author":"Varela","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref158","first-page":"330","article-title":"Neurophenomenology: a methodological remedy for the hard problem","volume":"3","author":"Varela","year":"","journal-title":"J. Conscious. Stud."},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1099-1735(199609)13:3<>3.0.co;2-1","article-title":"The early days of autopoiesis: Heinz and Chile","volume":"13","author":"Varela","year":"","journal-title":"Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref160","volume-title":"El fen\u00f3meno de la vida","author":"Varela","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.1122","article-title":"Preface to the second edition of \u201cDe M\u00e1quinas y Seres Vivos - autopoiesis: La organizaci\u00f3n de lo vivo.\u201d","volume":"28","author":"Varela","year":"2011","journal-title":"Syst. Res. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/14875.001.0001","volume-title":"Principles of Biological Autonomy, a new Annotated edition","author":"Varela","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/01969727808927587","article-title":"The arithmetic of closure","volume":"8","author":"Varela","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Cybern."},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1086\/288458","article-title":"Mechanism and biological explanation","volume":"39","author":"Varela","year":"1972","journal-title":"Philos. Sci."},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(74)90031-8","article-title":"Autopoiesis: the organization of living systems, its characterization and a model","volume":"5","author":"Varela","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref166","first-page":"283","volume-title":"G\u00e9n\u00e9alogies de l\u2019auto-organisation","author":"Varela","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref9028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steps to a cybernetics of autonomy\n          \n          117\n          122\n          \n            \n              Varela\n              F.\n            \n          \n          \n            \n              Trappl\n              R.\n            \n          \n          10.1007\/978-1-4613-2225-2_8\n          New York and London\n          Plenum Press\n          Power, Autonomy, Utopia: New Approaches toward Complex Systems\n          \n          1986","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2225-2_8"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6730.001.0001","volume-title":"The Embodied mind: Cognitive Science and human Experience","author":"Varela","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s13752-018-0302-1","article-title":"A critique of Barbieri\u2019s code biology through Rosen\u2019s relational biology: reconciling Barbieri\u2019s biosemiotics with Peircean biosemiotics","volume":"13","author":"Vega","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Theory"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105226","article-title":"The cell as a semiotic system that realizes closure to efficient causation: the semiotic (M, R) system","volume":"240","author":"Vega","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1126\/science.111.2872.23","article-title":"The theory of open systems in physics and biology","volume":"111","author":"von Bertalanffy","year":"1950","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.Y.)"},{"key":"ref171","volume-title":"General system Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications","author":"von Bertalanffy","year":"1968"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.2307\/255139","article-title":"The history and status of general systems theory","volume":"15","author":"von Bertalanffy","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref173","volume-title":"Das Ged\u00e4chtnis: Eine quantenmechanische Untersuchung","author":"von Foerster","year":"1948"},{"key":"ref174","volume-title":"Cybernetics: Circular Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems","author":"von Foerster","year":"1952"},{"key":"ref175","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Self-Organizing Systems","author":"von Foerster","year":"1960"},{"key":"ref176","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Objects: Tokens for (eigen-) Behaviors. ASC Cybernetics Forum","author":"von Foerster","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref177","first-page":"283","volume-title":"Understanding: Essays on Cybernetics and Cognition","author":"von Foerster","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref179","volume-title":"Las Semillas de la Cibern\u00e9tica: Obras Escogidas","author":"von Foerster","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref180","first-page":"255","volume-title":"G\u00e9n\u00e9alogies de l\u2019auto-organisation","author":"von Foerster","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref9031","unstructured":"27\n          69\n          \n            \n              Von Neumann\n              J.\n            \n          \n          Philadelphia, PA\n          Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania\n          First Draft on the EDVAC [Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer]\n          \n          1945"},{"key":"ref9032","unstructured":"Von Neumann\n              J.\n            \n          \n          \n            \n              Burks\n              A. W.\n            \n          \n          Urbana and London\n          University of Illinois Press\n          Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata\n          \n          1966"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/218525a0","article-title":"Towards a theoretical biology","volume":"218","author":"Waddington","year":"1968","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20120869","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0869","article-title":"The algorithmic origins of life","volume":"10","author":"Walker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3046954","volume-title":"Theoretical and Mathematical Biology","author":"Waterman","year":"1965"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1020368120174","article-title":"Life after Kant: natural purposes and the autopoietic foundations of biological individuality","volume":"1","author":"Weber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phenomenol. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref185","volume-title":"Principia Mathematica","author":"Whitehead","year":"1925"},{"key":"ref186","volume-title":"Cybernetics Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine","author":"Wiener","year":"1948"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/cpa.3160130102","article-title":"The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences","volume":"13","author":"Wigner","year":"1960","journal-title":"Commun. Pure Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref9033","unstructured":"Yovits\n              M. C.\n            \n            \n              Cameron\n              S.\n            \n          \n          Pergamon Press, London\n          Symposium Publications Division\n          Self-Organizing Systems: Proceedings of an International Conference\n          \n          1960"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72580-9","article-title":"Stability and robustness of asymptotic autocatalytic systems","volume":"10","author":"Yun-C\u00e1rcamo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218339002000573","article-title":"Metabolic networks from (M, R) systems and autopoiesis perspective","volume":"10","author":"Zaretzky","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Syst."},{"key":"ref9034","unstructured":"Zopf\n              G. W.\n            \n            \n              von Foerster\n              H.\n            \n          \n          New York\n          Pergamon Press\n          Principles of Self-Organization: Transactions\n          \n          1962"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frai.2026.1806435\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:34:49Z","timestamp":1787808889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frai.2026.1806435\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":220,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frai.2026.1806435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2026.1806435","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-8212"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-8212","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"article-number":"1806435"}}