{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:54:49Z","timestamp":1790808889226,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Artif. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the application of large language models (LLMs) in clinical decision-making for cataract surgery using real-world patient data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective clinical observational study included 74 cataract patients (146 eyes) who underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Preoperative datasets, including clinical findings from ophthalmic imaging, biometric parameters, systemic histories, and lifestyle questionnaires, were processed via GPT-4o. The model was prompted to simulate an experienced cataract surgeon. GPT-4o's IOL recommendations were evaluated for appropriateness with an adjudicated expert consensus and compared against selections made by high- and low-volume cataract surgeons. Appropriateness rates, agreement (Kappa value), and consistency (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC) were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall appropriateness rate of GPT-4o for IOL selection was significantly lower than that of human surgeons (37.84% vs. 72.14%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that appropriateness varied by IOL category (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001), with the highest alignment observed for monofocal IOLs (90.0%) and the lowest for trifocal toric IOLs (9.09%). The presence of ocular or systemic comorbidities was associated with a slight reduction in appropriateness. While agreement analysis indicated poor inter-rater agreement (Kappa &amp;lt; 0.4), GPT-4o demonstrated a slightly higher ICC (0.378) than human surgeons (0.359). However, repeated testing showed significant instability in the model's responses (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.026).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GPT-4o demonstrated moderate appropriateness for routine monofocal IOL selection but showed limited appropriateness and consistency in complex, customized scenarios. These findings suggest GPT-4o could assist routine decision-making in cataract surgery, while highlighting the need for further domain-specific fine-tuning and multimodal optimization for advanced cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2026.1810899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T06:08:21Z","timestamp":1780034901000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessing GPT-4o in cataract surgery decision-making: appropriateness, consistency, and clinical implications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, National Health Commission, Chinese Academy of Medical 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