{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:31:09Z","timestamp":1753893069681,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Experiencing traumatic events (TEs), especially interpersonal TEs, is related to an increased risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Both TEs and PTSD are associated with a higher risk of substance use and problems in emotion regulation. Little is known about the associations between specific types of TEs, problems with general self-regulation (including cognitive and behavioral components) and substance use severity in adolescents. Knowledge on these associations could provide important approaches for prevention and therapy for adolescents with a history of trauma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated associations between different types of TEs and PTSD, self-regulation and substance use severity. Moreover, participants were categorized into three groups according to their trauma status: (I) no history of TEs (noTEs), (II) history of TEs but no PTSD diagnosis (TEs), and (III) history of TEs and PTSD diagnosis (PTSD). Differences between the three groups were analyzed in terms of self-regulation and substance use severity. Our sample consisted of <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200989 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years in a child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinic in Germany. Substance use severity was only assessed in a smaller subsample (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200937). Data were obtained from standardized diagnostic procedures and included information on types of TEs and PTSD diagnosis according to ICD-10, problems in self-regulation assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)\/ Youth Self Report (YSR) Dysregulation Profile (DP), and substance use severity measured with the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that interpersonal TEs were significantly associated with higher rates of PTSD diagnosis compared to non-interpersonal TEs. We found no significant associations between different types of TEs and both problems in self-regulation and substance use severity. Moreover, our findings do not indicate differences in both self-regulation and substance use severity between trauma statuses (noTEs, TEs, PTSD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Future studies should consider other characteristics of TEs such as timing and duration when investigating associations with self-regulation. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate developmental pathways, as a better understanding of the role of characteristics of TEs and self-regulation in the development of PTSD and substance use problems would provide opportunities for prevention and therapy for trauma-exposed patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frcha.2024.1421486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T04:21:09Z","timestamp":1734582069000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PTSD, dysregulation profile and substance use: exploring differences in a sample of adolescents in an outpatient clinic"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Emely","family":"Reyentanz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukas A.","family":"Basedow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veit","family":"Roessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Golub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838009334448","article-title":"The epidemiology of trauma, PTSD, and other posttrauma disorders","volume":"10","author":"Breslau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006","article-title":"Cumulative effect of multiple trauma on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression in adolescents","volume":"50","author":"Suliman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"volume-title":"The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines","year":"1992","key":"B3"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1978669","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1978669","article-title":"Sex differences in post-traumatic stress disorder in a high adversity cohort of South African adolescents: an examination of depressive symptoms, age, and trauma type as explanatory factors","volume":"12","author":"Hiscox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000152537.15672.B7","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after mild to moderate pediatric trauma: a longitudinal examination of symptom prevalence, correlates, and parent-child symptom reporting","volume":"58","author":"Schreier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28306","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v6.28306","article-title":"How to quantify exposure to traumatic stress? 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