{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T06:11:20Z","timestamp":1759817480372,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine pre-pandemic predictors of parent substance use during COVID-19 in Australia, where some of the longest periods of public health restrictions in the world occurred.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data from the Australian Temperament Project Generation 3 Study on 560 parents (59% female) who completed COVID-19 specific surveys (2020\/2021), including assessment of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit substance use. Comprehensive pre-pandemic assessments were conducted during the postpartum period when offspring turned 1-year of age (2012\u20132018), including 33 indicators spanning parent and child factors (individual, relational, and contextual).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the pandemic, 39% of parents reported drinking alcohol 3-to-4 days per week or more, 12% used tobacco, and 6% used illicit substances. In Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) logistic regression models, a variety of pre-pandemic predictors [k] were identified across alcohol (AUC\u2009=\u20090.72, k\u2009=\u20092; OR\u2009=\u20090.92\u20132.03), tobacco (AUC\u2009=\u20090.96, k\u2009=\u200910; OR\u2009=\u20090.61\u20134.21), and illicit substance use (AUC\u2009=\u20090.78, k\u2009=\u20092; OR\u2009=\u20091.44\u20131.60). The strongest predictors were pre-pandemic use of the same substance (OR\u2009=\u20091.60\u20134.21). While few other predictors were identified for alcohol and illicit substance use, several family characteristics predicted tobacco use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results indicated that parents engaging in alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use in our cohort reported strong continuity of use from before, to during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. This highlights the importance of public health initiatives that provide accessible substance use support and treatment options to parents during periods of public health emergencies. Further, enriched population interventions targeted across socioeconomic and family contexts may be important in identifying risk, particularly for tobacco use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frcha.2025.1587146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T05:35:03Z","timestamp":1759815303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pre-pandemic predictors of parental substance use during COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Primrose","family":"Letcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delyse M.","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqui A.","family":"Macdonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasmin","family":"Grigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Boden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Toumbourou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig A.","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S1744133121000244","article-title":"Australia\u2019s response to COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Stobart","year":"","journal-title":"Health Econ Policy Law"},{"key":"B2","year":""},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109150","article-title":"Alcohol and other substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review","volume":"229","author":"Roberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109065","article-title":"The early impact of COVID-19 on the incidence, prevalence, and severity of alcohol use and other drugs: a systematic review","volume":"228","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Fault Lines: An Independent Review in Australia\u2019s Response to COVID-19","author":"Shergold","year":"2022"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7011a1","article-title":"Association of children\u2019s mode of school instruction with child and parent experiences and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic \u2014 COVID experiences survey, United States, October 8\u2013November 13, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Verlenden","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/15487733.2020.1776561","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the care burden of women and families","volume":"16","author":"Power","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain Sci Pract Policy"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"The Impact of Alcohol use Disorders on Family Life: A Review of the Empirical Literature","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2014"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579419000749","article-title":"The enduring effects of parental alcohol, tobacco, and drug use on child well-being: a multilevel meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Kuppens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838015589253","article-title":"Association between substance use and the perpetration of family violence in industrialized countries: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Choenni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03917.x","article-title":"Alcohol\u2019s involvement in recurrent child abuse and neglect cases","volume":"107","author":"Laslett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01861-z","article-title":"Child, parent, and family mental health and functioning in Australia during COVID-19: comparison to pre-pandemic data","volume":"32","author":"Westrupp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107561","article-title":"Alcohol use among Australian parents during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014April-2020 to May 2021","volume":"138","author":"Greenwood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x","article-title":"Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso","volume":"58","author":"Tibshirani","year":"1996","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B Methodol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/00049538508256397","article-title":"Normative data on temperament in Australian infants","volume":"37","author":"Sanson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Aust J Psychol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/e567282013-002","volume-title":"The Australian Temperament Project: The First 30 Years","author":"Vassallo","year":"2013"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e061854","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061854","article-title":"The Australian temperament project generation 3 study: a population-based multigenerational prospective cohort study of socioemotional health and development","volume":"12","author":"Olsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 17","year":"2021"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp425","article-title":"Multiple imputation for missing data: fully conditional specification versus multivariate normal imputation","volume":"171","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2619","article-title":"Robustness of a multivariate normal approximation for imputation of incomplete binary data","volume":"26","author":"Bernaards","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696","volume-title":"Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys","author":"Rubin","year":"1987"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471722146","volume-title":"Applied Logistic Regression [Internet]","author":"Hosmer","year":"2000"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721003925","article-title":"Continuities in maternal substance use from early adolescence to parenthood: findings from the intergenerational cohort consortium","volume":"53","author":"Thomson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-005-0079-7","article-title":"Impact of domestic violence and drug abuse in pregnancy on maternal attachment and infant temperament in teenage mothers in the setting of best clinical practice","volume":"8","author":"Quinlivan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12392","article-title":"The role of antenatal and postnatal maternal bonding in infant development: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"le Bas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Social Development"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-0679-7","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between parental bonding, parenting stress, and executive functioning in toddlerhood","volume":"26","author":"de Cock","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"key":"B27","volume-title":"National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022\u20132023","year":"2024"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06202.x","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and smoking: a review","volume":"1248","author":"Hiscock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2011.00805.x","article-title":"The long-term decline of adult tobacco use in Victoria: changes in smoking initiation and quitting over a quarter of a century of tobacco control","volume":"36","author":"Germain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2007.07.006","article-title":"The relationship of maternal smoking to psychological problems in the offspring","volume":"83","author":"Button","year":"2007","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev."},{"key":"B31","volume-title":"National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2019","year":"2020"},{"key":"B32","volume-title":"Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Services in Australia: 2016\u201317 [Internet]","year":"2018"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3109\/00048671003705458","article-title":"Help-seeking for substance use, anxiety and affective disorders among young people: results from the 2007 Australian national survey of mental health and wellbeing","volume":"44","author":"Reavley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856216689623","article-title":"Characteristics of clients currently accessing a national online alcohol and drug counselling service","volume":"25","author":"Garde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australas Psychiatry"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13363","article-title":"Ready2Change: preliminary effectiveness of a telephone-delivered intervention program for alcohol, methamphetamine and cannabis use problems","volume":"41","author":"Grigg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.06.038","article-title":"The role of screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment in the perinatal period","volume":"215","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2015.1050028","article-title":"Design and analysis of the randomized response technique","volume":"110","author":"Blair","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frcha.2025.1587146\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T05:35:05Z","timestamp":1759815305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frcha.2025.1587146\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frcha.2025.1587146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frcha.2025.1587146","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-4540"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-4540","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"article-number":"1587146"}}