{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:43:47Z","timestamp":1792579427951,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may influence aging biomarkers in pediatric populations, as estimated using epigenetic clocks or other measures of aging, such as telomere length. This scoping review aimed to identify and map the available evidence on the association between maternal ACEs and biomarkers of epigenetic aging in offspring from birth to 18 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, APA PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global was conducted on 26 May 2025 and updated on 28 April 2026. The inclusion criteria were epigenetic clock studies that included pediatric populations (0\u201318 years of age) born to mothers who self-reported ACEs during gestation or within 1 year after childbirth using a standard questionnaire. DNA methylation analysis was conducted using biospecimens, and offspring aging biomarkers were examined. Three reviewers independently screened 1,441 articles, of which 38 underwent full-text review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four studies met our inclusion criteria. The geographic scope of the studies was limited; three studies were conducted in the United States and one in the United Kingdom. Sample sizes ranged from 80 to 883 maternal-child dyads. The age at the time of biological sample collection ranged from birth to 8 years. Measures of epigenetic aging were examined across diverse tissue types, including blood, saliva, and umbilical vein endothelial cells. Some evidence has been found for an association between maternal ACEs and offspring epigenetic aging; however, the findings were often limited to specific conditions or ACE subtypes. Total maternal ACE scores were not significantly associated with newborn gestational epigenetic age acceleration or child symptoms. However, more specific associations emerged for maternal experiences of parental divorce, sexual abuse, and neglect. In addition, sex-specific associations were also noted. Racial disparities were also evident with maternal childhood abuse linked to increased epigenetic aging in Black but not White maternal-child dyads. Some associations emerged only when considering moderators such as maternal restless sleep during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal ACEs may influence offspring epigenetic aging; however, these associations are complex, context-dependent, and supported by a limited body of evidence. Longitudinal studies with greater demographic diversity and methodological consistency, alongside mechanistic investigations of the biological pathways linking maternal adversity and offspring epigenetic aging, are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frcha.2026.1913117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:09:56Z","timestamp":1791191396000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal adverse childhood experiences and epigenetic aging in pediatric populations: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Debjani","family":"Chanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bachelor of Health Sciences Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munawar Hussain","family":"Soomro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada"]},{"name":"Owerko Centre, Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeden","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"England-Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada"]},{"name":"Owerko Centre, Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Dewey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada"]},{"name":"Owerko Centre, Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada"]},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m3048","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3048","article-title":"Adversity in childhood is linked to mental and physical health throughout life","volume":"371","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000465","article-title":"Environment, susceptibility windows, development, and child health","volume":"29","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-42","article-title":"Developmental origins of non-communicable disease: implications for research and public health","volume":"11","author":"Barouki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102158","article-title":"Spatial omics: an innovative frontier in aging research","volume":"93","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110459","article-title":"Distinct biological ages of organs and systems identified from a multi-omics study","volume":"38","author":"Nie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23471","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203660","article-title":"Predicting physiological aging rates from a range of quantitative traits using machine learning","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.001","article-title":"Hallmarks of aging: an expanding universe","volume":"186","author":"L\u00f3pez-Ot\u00edn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.05.039","article-title":"The hallmarks of aging","volume":"153","author":"L\u00f3pez-Ot\u00edn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0004-3","article-title":"DNA methylation-based biomarkers and the epigenetic clock theory of ageing","volume":"19","author":"Horvath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-024-00807-w","article-title":"Epigenetic ageing clocks: statistical methods and emerging computational challenges","volume":"26","author":"Teschendorff","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-022-00477-6","article-title":"Making sense of the ageing methylome","volume":"23","author":"Seale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73420","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.73420","article-title":"DunedinPACE, a DNA methylation biomarker of the pace of aging","volume":"11","author":"Belsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101414","article-title":"An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan","volume":"10","author":"Levine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101684","article-title":"DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23329","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820843116","article-title":"The PedBE clock accurately estimates DNA methylation age in pediatric buccal cells","volume":"117","author":"McEwen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102552","article-title":"Breaking new ground on human health and well-being with epigenetic clocks: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epigenetic age acceleration associations","volume":"102","author":"Chervova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.08.008","article-title":"DNA methylation clocks in aging: categories, causes, and consequences","volume":"71","author":"Field","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101071","article-title":"Accelerated epigenetic aging mediates link between adverse childhood experiences and depressive symptoms in older adults: results from the Health and Retirement Study","volume":"17","author":"Klopack","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5032","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27115032","article-title":"Epigenetic age acceleration as a modifiable public health target: a systematic review and meta-analysis of environmental, behavioral, and social determinants with development of the MEAB-index","volume":"27","author":"Aliberti","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121347","article-title":"Chemical and climatic environmental exposures and epigenetic aging: a systematic review","volume":"274","author":"Fadadu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3390\/future2040015","article-title":"The joint contribution of childhood exposure to parental smoking and genetic susceptibility to smoking to epigenetic age acceleration in late adulthood: the health and retirement study","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-026-02477-6","article-title":"Social determinants of health and epigenetic clocks: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 140 studies","author":"Willems","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858850","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1858850","article-title":"Dietary pattern modifies associations between dietary factors and pace of epigenetic aging","volume":"13","author":"Ferreri","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0656-7","article-title":"The epigenetic clock as a predictor of disease and mortality risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Fransquet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.03.046","article-title":"Biological age predictors","volume":"21","author":"Jylh\u00e4v\u00e4","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanhl.2026.100835","article-title":"Physical activity and biological age measured by DNA methylation clocks: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Shan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"gbaf206","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaf206","article-title":"How does life course exposure to contextual disadvantage accelerate biological aging? The role of psychological symptoms","volume":"80","author":"Kamis","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.33058","article-title":"A systematic review of adverse childhood experiences and epigenetic age acceleration in later adult life measured with second and third-generation epigenetic clocks","volume":"201","author":"Green","year":"2026","journal-title":"American J of Med Genetics Pt B"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-025-02047-z","article-title":"The impact of adverse childhood experiences on DNA methylation age: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Russell","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20253013","article-title":"Using epigenetic clocks in environmental epigenetics: recommendations for estimating biological aging in perinatal and pediatric samples","volume":"69","author":"England-Mason","year":"2025","journal-title":"Essays Biochem"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1063-4","article-title":"Prediction of gestational age based on genome-wide differentially methylated regions","volume":"17","author":"Bohlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1068-z","article-title":"An epigenetic clock for gestational age at birth based on blood methylation data","volume":"17","author":"Knight","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-023-01576-4","article-title":"Using epigenetic clocks to characterize biological aging in studies of children and childhood exposures: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Musci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000270","article-title":"Biological aging in childhood and adolescence following experiences of threat and deprivation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"146","author":"Colich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2024.04.019","article-title":"The impact of early life adversity on peripubertal accelerated epigenetic aging and psychopathology","volume":"64","author":"Hogan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","year":"2026"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6844e1","article-title":"Vital Signs: estimated proportion of adult health problems attributable to adverse childhood experiences and implications for prevention\u201425 states, 2015\u20132017","volume":"68","author":"Merrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104089","article-title":"ACEs and counter-ACEs: how positive and negative childhood experiences influence adult health","volume":"96","author":"Crandall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","article-title":"The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53362","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.53362","article-title":"From conception to delivery: a comprehensive review of thyroid disorders and their far-reaching impact on feto-maternal health","volume":"16","author":"Joshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2317987","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.17987","article-title":"Association of adverse childhood experiences with accelerated epigenetic aging in midlife","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105821","article-title":"Associations between exposure to adverse childhood experiences and biological aging: evidence from the Canadian longitudinal study on aging","volume":"142","author":"Mian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.03.001","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of maternal childhood maltreatment exposure: implications for fetal brain development","volume":"56","author":"Buss","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.07.009","article-title":"Intergenerational effect of maternal exposure to childhood maltreatment on newborn brain anatomy","volume":"83","author":"Moog","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13072020","article-title":"Placental cortisol dysregulation in mothers with experiences of childhood adversity: potential mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"13","author":"George","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.08.027","article-title":"Preadolescent adversity programs a disrupted maternal stress reactivity\u00a0in humans and mice","volume":"81","author":"Morrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44746","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28548-8","article-title":"Mother infant cortisol levels and maternal childhood adversity","volume":"15","author":"Ramos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3275","article-title":"Allele-specific FKBP5 DNA demethylation mediates gene-childhood trauma interactions","volume":"16","author":"Klengel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.3.2.6034","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and infant cortisol stress responses","volume":"3","author":"Oberlander","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01809.x","article-title":"The origins of the developmental origins theory","volume":"261","author":"Barker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0708473","article-title":"Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease","volume":"359","author":"Gluckman","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1276","article-title":"Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior","volume":"7","author":"Weaver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.26634","article-title":"The roles of DNA methylation of NR3C1 and 11\u03b2-HSD2 and exposure to maternal mood disorder in utero on newborn neurobehavior","volume":"8","author":"Conradt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15091171","article-title":"Distress during pregnancy: epigenetic regulation of placenta glucocorticoid-related genes and fetal neurobehavior","volume":"173","author":"Monk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e104913","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104913","article-title":"Placental FKBP5 genetic and epigenetic variation is associated with infant neurobehavioral outcomes in the RICHS cohort","volume":"9","author":"Paquette","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.04.028","article-title":"Early life adversity exposure and circulating markers of inflammation in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Kuhlman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01478-x","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and severity levels of inflammation and depression from childhood to young adulthood: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Lob","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NS20220064","DOI":"10.1042\/NS20220064","article-title":"Maternal immune activation and role of placenta in the prenatal programming of neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"7","author":"Woods","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuronal Signaling"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02620-1","article-title":"Epigenome-wide association studies of prenatal maternal mental health and infant epigenetic profiles: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Drzymalla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5090","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02010-5","article-title":"Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of prenatal maternal stressful life events and newborn DNA methylation","volume":"28","author":"Kotsakis Ruehlmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.04.013","article-title":"Meta-analysis of cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: clinical status and antipsychotic effects","volume":"70","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000544","article-title":"Psychological stress and mitochondria: a conceptual framework","volume":"80","author":"Picard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115798","article-title":"The prenatal environment and its influence on maternal and child mitochondrial DNA copy number and methylation: a review of the literature","volume":"227","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0001427","article-title":"Maternal childhood adversity accelerates epigenetic aging of children","volume":"44","author":"Hamlat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22464","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22464","article-title":"Maternal childhood adversity and infant epigenetic aging: moderation by restless sleep during pregnancy","volume":"66","author":"Sosnowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-023-01581-y","article-title":"Maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and DNA methylation of newborns in cord blood","volume":"15","author":"Collender","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Epigenet"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2427063","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.27063","article-title":"Maternal adverse childhood experiences and biological aging during pregnancy and in newborns","volume":"7","author":"Dye","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab270","article-title":"Association between maternal adverse childhood experiences and neonatal SCG5 DNA methylation\u2014effect modification by prenatal home visiting","volume":"191","author":"Folger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02747-9","article-title":"Effect of parental adverse childhood experiences on intergenerational DNA methylation signatures from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and buccal mucosa","volume":"14","author":"Mohazzab-Hosseinian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2023.02.018","article-title":"Stage 2 registered report: epigenetic intergenerational transmission: mothers\u2019 adverse childhood experiences and DNA methylation","volume":"62","author":"Scorza","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.015","article-title":"Identifying the PECO: a framework for formulating good questions to explore the association of environmental and other exposures with health outcomes","volume":"121","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A12","DOI":"10.7326\/ACPJC-1995-123-3-A12","article-title":"The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions","volume":"123","year":"1995","journal-title":"ACP J Club"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-24-00523","article-title":"The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for analytical cross-sectional studies","volume":"24","author":"Barker","year":"2026","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579423001232","article-title":"Infant epigenetic aging moderates the link between black maternal childhood trauma and offspring symptoms of psychopathology","volume":"36","author":"McKenna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults","volume":"14","author":"Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0","article-title":"Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire","volume":"27","author":"Bernstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000534","article-title":"Assessing lifetime stress exposure using the stress and adversity inventory for adults (adult STRAIN): an overview and initial validation","volume":"80","author":"Slavich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1030-0","article-title":"An epigenetic clock analysis of race\/ethnicity, sex, and coronary heart disease","volume":"17","author":"Horvath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0327010","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0327010","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in epigenetic aging: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999\u20132002","volume":"20","author":"Needham","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dvad005","DOI":"10.1093\/eep\/dvad005","article-title":"Epigenetic clocks and\u00a0research implications of\u00a0the lack of\u00a0data on\u00a0whom they have been developed: a review of\u00a0reported and\u00a0missing sociodemographic characteristics","volume":"9","author":"Watkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Epigenet"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4112","article-title":"Sex differences and stress across the lifespan","volume":"18","author":"Bale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.05.025","article-title":"Sex differences in effects of maternal risk and protective factors in childhood and pregnancy on newborn telomere length","volume":"95","author":"Bosquet Enlow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.02.011","article-title":"The epigenetic clock at birth: associations with maternal antenatal depression and child psychiatric problems","volume":"57","author":"Suarez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.07.025","article-title":"Maternal prenatal anxiety and the fetal origins of epigenetic aging","volume":"91","author":"McGill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-022-00402-7","article-title":"Epigenetic aging in early life: role of maternal and early childhood nutrition","volume":"11","author":"Koemel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379144","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2024.2379144","article-title":"Childhood trauma is linked to epigenetic age deceleration in young adults with previous youth residential care placements","volume":"15","author":"Meier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976231194221","article-title":"Parenting practices may buffer the impact of adversity on epigenetic age acceleration among young children with developmental delays","volume":"34","author":"Sullivan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2011.586447","article-title":"Sex differences in prenatal epigenetic programing of stress pathways","volume":"14","author":"Bale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-024-01635-9","article-title":"Epigenetics of prenatal stress in humans: the current research landscape","volume":"16","author":"Dieckmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70004","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi3.70004","article-title":"Comprehensive review of the impact of maternal stress on fetal development","volume":"3","author":"Tadanki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Discov"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25653","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203776","article-title":"Maternal adverse childhood experiences before pregnancy are associated with epigenetic aging changes in their children","volume":"13","author":"Nwanaji-Enwerem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"FNL39","DOI":"10.2217\/fnl-2019-0014","article-title":"Chronic stress, physiological adaptation and developmental programming of the neuroendocrine stress system","volume":"15","author":"Coffman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Neurol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-021-01198-z","article-title":"Prenatal metal exposure, cord blood DNA methylation and persistence in childhood: an epigenome-wide association study of 12 metals","volume":"13","author":"Bozack","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coemr.2020.07.005","article-title":"Fetal programming and epigenetics","volume":"13","author":"Stevenson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100394","article-title":"The pediatric buccal epigenetic clock identifies significant ageing acceleration in children with internalizing disorder and maltreatment exposure","volume":"15","author":"Dammering","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2239796","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.39796","article-title":"Association of pediatric buccal epigenetic age acceleration with adverse neonatal brain growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes among children born very preterm with a neonatal infection","volume":"5","author":"Gomaa","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174424000333","article-title":"PedBE age and age acceleration in umbilical vein endothelial cells: an examination of infant birth outcomes","volume":"16","author":"Voegtline","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17060595","article-title":"Epigenetic aging in major depressive disorder","volume":"175","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJP"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2026.111632","article-title":"Accelerated aging in psychiatric disorders: evidence from epigenetic clocks","volume":"145","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100864","article-title":"Epigenetic age of the pre-frontal cortex is associated with neuritic plaques, amyloid load, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease related cognitive functioning","volume":"7","author":"Levine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"afae127","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afae127","article-title":"Epigenetic age acceleration and the risk of frailty, and persistent activities of daily living (ADL) disability","volume":"53","author":"Phyo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12060398","article-title":"Association of prenatal dietary toxicants and inorganic arsenic exposure with children\u2019s emotional and behavioral problems: ECLIPSES study","volume":"12","author":"Kou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-025-01886-0","article-title":"Unveiling the impact of DNA-methylation age acceleration on mortality risk in diabetes and pre-diabetes: insights from the US NHANES program","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Epigenet"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R115","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-10-r115","article-title":"DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types","volume":"14","author":"Horvath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.10.016","article-title":"Genome-wide methylation profiles reveal quantitative views of human aging rates","volume":"49","author":"Hannum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frcha.2026.1913117\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:20:19Z","timestamp":1792578019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frcha.2026.1913117\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frcha.2026.1913117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frcha.2026.1913117","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-4540"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-4540","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"article-number":"1913117"}}