{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:29:03Z","timestamp":1787027343992,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20AG068053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20AG068053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG074392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG074392"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM109025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM109025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Dement."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rural-dwelling older adults face unique health challenges that may increase risk for Alzheimer's disease and dementia but are underrepresented in aging research. Here, we present an initial characterization of a rural community cohort compared to an urban cohort from the same region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adults over age 50 living in a non-metropolitan area are clinically characterized using the Uniform Data Set, enriched with additional measures of verbal and non-verbal memory measures. Neighborhood disadvantage is also assessed. Clinical and cognitive differences between cohorts were explored after stratifying by cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between group comparisons found that rural-dwellers demonstrated better verbal memory than urban-dwellers on primary indices of learning, recall, and recognition, with small to medium effects in overall comparisons. When stratified by impairment, rural-urban differences were notably larger among cognitively normal individuals. Within-group comparisons found that the magnitude of impairment between cognitively normal and impaired groups was greater among rural-dwellers compared to urban-dwellers. No differences in non-verbal memory or overall clinical status were found, and there were no effects of neighborhood disadvantage on any cognitive measure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Living in a rural community presents a complex set of contextual factors that for some, may increase risk for dementia. In this study, we found small to moderate memory advantages for rural-dwellers, leaving open the possibility that late-life rural living may be advantageous for some and promote resilience. Additional prospective research is critically needed to better understand the factors that influence aging outcomes in this underrepresented population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frdem.2023.1236039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T23:40:12Z","timestamp":1692920412000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cognitive aging in rural communities: preliminary memory characterization of a community cohort from Southern Nevada"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Justin B.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina G.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica Z. K.","family":"Caldwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shehroo","family":"Pudumjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha E.","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12155","article-title":"Rural-urban differences in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders diagnostic prevalence in Kentucky and West Virginia","author":"Abner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rural Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.01.032","article-title":"Rural-urban disparities: diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and stroke mortality among black and white adults, 1999-2018","volume":"77","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Brief Visuospatial Memory Test \u2013 Revised: Professional Manual","author":"Benedict","year":"1997"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215586","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease mortality as a function of urbanization level: 1999\u20132019","volume":"87","author":"Cato","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16996","article-title":"Rural-urban disparities in mortality from Alzheimer's and related dementias in the United States, 1999\u20132018","volume":"69","author":"Cross","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08678-9","article-title":"Measuring rurality in health services research: a scoping review","author":"Danek","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.042432","article-title":"Rural definitions for health policy and research","author":"Hart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101052","article-title":"The rising burden of Alzheimer's disease mortality in rural America","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4501","article-title":"Association of neighborhood-level disadvantage with cerebral and hippocampal volume","volume":"77","author":"Hunt","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2500","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011918","article-title":"Association of neighborhood context, cognitive decline, and cortical change in an unimpaired cohort","volume":"96","author":"Hunt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1802313","article-title":"Making neighborhood-disadvantage metrics accessible\u2014the neighborhood atlas","author":"Kind","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-2946","article-title":"Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and 30 day rehospitalizations: an analysis of medicare data","author":"Kind","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2001.tb00280.x","article-title":"Urban and rural dimensions of global population aging: an overview","volume":"17","author":"Kinsella","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Rural Health"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.996093","article-title":"Differences in treatment for Alzheimer's disease between urban and rural areas in China","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20200602","article-title":"Rural-urban disparities in the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Taiwan: a door-to-door nationwide study","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.08.009","article-title":"Socioeconomic variables explain rural disparities in US mortality rates: implications for rural health research and policy","author":"Long","year":"2018","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2412-a","article-title":"The clinical dementia rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules","volume":"43","author":"Morris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriat. Soc"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e224071","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.4071","article-title":"Association of neighborhood-level socioeconomic measures with cognition and dementia risk in Australian adults","volume":"5","author":"Pase","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12399","article-title":"Rural residence across the life course and late-life cognitive decline in KHANDLE: a causal inference study","author":"Peterson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.7559","article-title":"Association of neighborhood-level disadvantage with Alzheimer disease neuropathology","author":"Powell","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.8966","article-title":"Association of neighborhood-level disadvantage with neurofibrillary tangles on neuropathological tissue assessment","author":"Powell","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12285","article-title":"Rural-urban differences in diagnostic incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.22111","article-title":"Assessment of rural-urban differences in health care use and survival among medicare beneficiaries with Alzheimer disease and related dementia + supplemental content","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2018.06.006","article-title":"Neuroscience learning from longitudinal cohort studies of Alzheimer's disease: lessons for disease-modifying drug programs and an introduction to the Center for Neurodegeneration and Translational Neuroscience","volume":"4","author":"Ritter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement. Transl. Res. Clin. Interv"},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: A Handbook. Vol 17","author":"Schmidt","year":"1996"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1300\/J018v05n01_09","article-title":"Geriatric depression scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version","volume":"5","author":"Sheikh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Gerontol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2023.107244","article-title":"Assessing geographic disparities in mental health research participation","author":"Shora","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.7.1137","article-title":"Area deprivation and widening inequalities in US mortality, 1969-1998","volume":"93","author":"Singh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B30","unstructured":"Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census2020"},{"key":"B31","volume-title":"World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision (ST\/ESA\/SER.A\/420)","year":"2019"},{"key":"B32","unstructured":"Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes2020"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.930415","article-title":"Area deprivation index as a surrogate of resilience in aging and dementia","author":"Vassilaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.10.021","article-title":"Secular trends in dementia and cognitive impairment of U.S. Rural and urban older adults","volume":"54","author":"Weden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000223","article-title":"Version 3 of the Alzheimer disease centers' neuropsychological test battery in the uniform data set (UDS)","volume":"32","author":"Weintraub","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"B36","volume-title":"WRAT 4: Range Achievement Test. 4th Edn","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2006"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.25805","article-title":"Rural-urban disparities in diagnosis of early-onset dementia","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0538-9","article-title":"Urban-rural differences in the association between access to healthcare and health outcomes among older adults in China","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Dementia"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frdem.2023.1236039\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T23:40:16Z","timestamp":1692920416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frdem.2023.1236039\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frdem.2023.1236039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frdem.2023.1236039","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-3919"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-3919","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"article-number":"1236039"}}