{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:26:44Z","timestamp":1780496804409,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Dement."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The impact of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) on cognitive function in postmenopausal women remains a topic of considerable debate. Although estrogen's neuroprotective effects suggest potential cognitive benefits, empirical findings are mixed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study uses data from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study Wales (CFAS Wales) cohort to explore the relationships between HRT use, age at menopause, APOE4 carrier status, lifestyle factors, comorbidities, and cognitive outcomes in older adult women. Two regression models were employed: one analyzing cognitive performance at follow-up and another examining changes in cognitive scores over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results indicate that while age, education, HRT use, age at menopause, alcohol consumption, and diet were associated with cognitive function at a single later time point, only age remained a significant predictor when modeling cognition over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that while HRT, menopausal age and lifestyle factors may support cognitive stability, they do not necessarily predict cognitive decline in post-menopausal older women. A major limitation of the current work is the lack of detail regarding HRT use, such as formulation, timing and duration; caveats that future studies should address. The study underscores the need for longer follow-up periods, consideration of other female-specific risk factors, and more comprehensive lifestyle and health assessments to clarify the complex interplay between HRT use, reproductive history, lifestyle, comorbidities and cognitive aging in women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frdem.2024.1496051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T06:50:46Z","timestamp":1737096646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hormone replacement therapy, menopausal age and lifestyle variables are associated with better cognitive performance at follow-up but not cognition over time in older-adult women irrespective of APOE4 carrier status and co-morbidities"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Tamlyn J.","family":"Watermeyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmi","family":"Leetham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinedu T.","family":"Udeh-Momoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graciela","family":"Muniz-Terrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199512000-00010","article-title":"Physical activity and the initiation of high-risk health behaviors in adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Aaron","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00147-7","article-title":"Is there a menopausal syndrome? Menopausal status and symptoms across racial\/ethnic groups","volume":"52","author":"Avis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2021.02.018","article-title":"Does Mediterranean diet could have a role on age at menopause and in the management of vasomotor menopausal symptoms? The viewpoint of the endocrinological nutritionist","volume":"39","author":"Barrea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000033","article-title":"Age at surgical menopause influences cognitive decline and Alzheimer pathology in older women","volume":"82","author":"Bove","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1220-4","article-title":"Long-term effects of alcohol consumption on cognitive function: a systematic review and dose-response analysis of evidence published between 2007 and 2018","volume":"9","author":"Brennan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H777","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00126.2019","article-title":"Racial disparities in cardiovascular disease risk: mechanisms of vascular dysfunction","volume":"317","author":"Brothers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.4693","article-title":"Sex differences in the association of global amyloid and regional tau deposition measured by positron emission tomography in clinically normal older adults","volume":"76","author":"Buckley","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2004-6302","article-title":"Oestrogen replacement therapy may improve memory functioning in the absence of APOE \u03b54","volume":"6","author":"Burkhardt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002259","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002259","article-title":"Potentially modifiable lifestyle factors, cognitive reserve, and cognitive function in later life: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Clare","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2009.11.007","article-title":"Postmenopausal hormone therapy and cognitive outcomes: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS)","volume":"118","author":"Coker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.0455","article-title":"Association of age at menopause and hormone therapy use with tau and \u03b2-amyloid positron emission tomography","volume":"80","author":"Coughlan","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e062007","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.062007","article-title":"Menopause age and hormone therapy use moderate PET tau and amyloid association: findings from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer Prevention","volume":"18","author":"Coughlan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(02)00437-4","article-title":"Prevalence of dementia in three ethnic groups: the South Florida program on aging and health","volume":"13","author":"Demirovic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12759","article-title":"Menopause hormone therapy significantly alters pathophysiological biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"19","author":"Depypere","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. J. Alzheimers Assoc"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab033","article-title":"Impact of the apolipoprotein E \u03b54 allele on the relationship between healthy lifestyle and cognitive decline: a population-based study","volume":"190","author":"Dhana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1385","article-title":"Impact of type 2 diabetes and postmenopausal hormone therapy on incidence of cognitive impairment in older women","volume":"38","author":"Espeland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.02953.x","article-title":"Long term effects of conjugated equine estrogens therapies on domain-specific cognitive function: results from the Women's Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging (WHISCA) Extension","volume":"58","author":"Espeland","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0032-9","article-title":"Sex differences in Alzheimer disease - the gateway to precision medicine","volume":"14","author":"Ferretti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u2018Mini-mental state'. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03086-4","article-title":"Characteristics of people living with undiagnosed dementia: findings from the CFAS Wales study","volume":"22","author":"Gamble","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4642","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10204642","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and mediterranean diet. A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Garc\u00eda-Casares","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00740-0","article-title":"The association of APOE \u03b54 with cognitive function over the adult life course and incidence of dementia: 20 years follow-up of the Whitehall II study","volume":"13","author":"Gharbi-Meliani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001833","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001833","article-title":"Effects of hormone therapy on cognition and mood in recently postmenopausal women: findings from the randomized, controlled KEEPS-cognitive and affective study","volume":"12","author":"Gleason","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2024005","article-title":"Systematic review of mediterranean diet interventions in menopausal women","volume":"11","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2024","journal-title":"AIMS Public Health"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289096","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2023.1289096","article-title":"Hormonal contraception and risk for cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in young women: a scoping review of the evidence","volume":"4","author":"Gregory","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Glob. Womens Health"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.07.020","article-title":"The Mediterranean diet is associated with better cardiometabolic health for women in mid-life but not men: A PREVENT dementia cohort cross-sectional analysis","volume":"33","author":"Gregory","year":"","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"\u201cDifferences in rates of dementia between ethno-racial groups,\u201d\n          \n          \n            \n              Guland\n              B.\n            \n            \n              Wilder\n              D.\n            \n            \n              Lantigua\n              R.\n            \n            \n              Mayeux\n              R.\n            \n            \n              Stern\n              Y.\n            \n            \n              Chen\n              J.\n            \n          \n          Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Health of Older Americans\n          \n          1997"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31824d8f40","article-title":"Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging","volume":"19","author":"Harlow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00410-3","article-title":"The nature of the effect of female gonadal hormone replacement therapy on cognitive function in post-menopausal women: a meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Hogervorst","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-017-0315-1","article-title":"Race modifies the relationship between cognition and Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers","volume":"9","author":"Howell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948219","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.948219","article-title":"Ovarian steroid hormones: a long overlooked but critical contributor to brain aging and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Jett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2020.1828270","article-title":"Cognitive reserve, modifiable-risk-factor profile and incidence of dementia: results from a longitudinal study of CFAS Wales","volume":"25","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)90122-8","article-title":"The Mini-Mental State Examination score and the clinical diagnosis of dementia","volume":"47","author":"Kukull","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.11.007","article-title":"APOE region molecular signatures of Alzheimer's disease across races\/ethnicities","volume":"87","author":"Kulminski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13394","article-title":"Associations of reproductive factors and exogenous estrogens with global and domain-specific cognition in later life","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. J. Alzheimers Assoc"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102033","article-title":"Association of earlier age at menopause with risk of incident dementia, brain structural indices and the potential mediators: a prospective community-based cohort study","volume":"60","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014605","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1014605","article-title":"Associations between reproductive history, hormone use, APOE \u03b54 genotype and cognition in middle- to older-aged women from the UK Biobank","volume":"14","author":"Lindseth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission","volume":"404","author":"Livingston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2691","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007551","article-title":"Assessing for interaction between APOE \u03b54, sex, and lifestyle on cognitive abilities","volume":"92","author":"Lyall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afw068","article-title":"Alzheimer disease genetic risk factor APOE e4 and cognitive abilities in 111,739 UK Biobank participants","volume":"45","author":"Lyall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp022","article-title":"Hormone therapy and cognitive function","volume":"15","author":"Maki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"B42","first-page":"14","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in Alzheimer's disease dementia","volume":"35","author":"Mielke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Times"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043205","article-title":"Is hormone replacement therapy a risk factor or a therapeutic option for Alzheimer's disease?","volume":"24","author":"Mills","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260427","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1260427","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of menopause hormone therapy on risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia","volume":"15","author":"Nerattini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.01.025","article-title":"The effects of estrogen on the risk of developing dementia: a cohort study using the UK biobank data","volume":"32","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000314681","article-title":"Hysterectomy, oophorectomy and risk of dementia: a nationwide historical cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Phung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqx070","article-title":"Effect of the Mediterranean diet on cognition and brain morphology and function: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"107","author":"Radd-Vagenas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796020001183","article-title":"Alcohol, coffee and tea intake and the risk of cognitive deficits: a dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Ran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.03.012","article-title":"Age, APOE and sex: triad of risk of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"160","author":"Riedel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305835","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1305835","article-title":"An extensive review on phenolic compounds and their potential estrogenic properties on skin physiology","volume":"11","author":"Rispo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000276984.19542.e6","article-title":"Increased risk of cognitive impairment or dementia in women who underwent oophorectomy before menopause","volume":"69","author":"Rocca","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2014.01.020","article-title":"Oophorectomy, estrogen, and dementia: A 2014 update","volume":"389","author":"Rocca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2024.108003","article-title":"Risks and benefits of hormone therapy after menopause for cognitive decline and dementia: a conceptual review","volume":"184","author":"Rocca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.149.6.698","article-title":"CAMDEX. A standardised instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia","volume":"149","author":"Roth","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry J. Ment. Sci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c34b0c","article-title":"Characteristics of hormone therapy, cognitive function, and dementia: the prospective 3C Study","volume":"73","author":"Ryan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01121-5","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy is associated with improved cognition and larger brain volumes in at-risk APOE4 women: results from the European Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (EPAD) cohort","volume":"15","author":"Saleh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.20.2651","article-title":"Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"289","author":"Shumaker","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(98)00038-5","article-title":"The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS): a trial of the effect of estrogen therapy in preventing and slowing the progression of dementia","volume":"19","author":"Shumaker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Control. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.018","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and cognitive function: From methodology to mechanisms of action","volume":"176","author":"Siervo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041152","article-title":"Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive function in women","volume":"352","author":"Stampfer","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092131","article-title":"Adherence to the mediterranean diet in women and reproductive health across the lifespan: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Szmidt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797006272","article-title":"Cognitive function and dementia in six areas of England and Wales: the distribution of MMSE and prevalence of GMS organicity level in the MRC CFA Study","volume":"28","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2011.05.006","article-title":"Vasomotor symptoms and menopause: findings from the study of women's health across the nation","volume":"38","author":"Thurston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N Am"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.093358","article-title":"\u201cThe Female Brain Health and Endocrine Research in Africa Study (FemBER-AFRICA): identifying endocrinological, lifestyle, psychosocial and socio-cultural targets for Alzheimer's disease prevention in women of African ancestry,\u201d","author":"Udeh-Momoh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Association International Conference"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101459","article-title":"Female specific risk factors for the development of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology and cognitive impairment: call for a precision medicine approach","volume":"71","author":"Udeh-Momoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watermeyer\n              T.\n            \n            \n              Atkinson\n              E.\n            \n            \n              Howatson\n              G.\n            \n            \n              McGill\n              G.\n            \n            \n              Dodds\n              C.\n            \n            \n              Ansdell\n              P.\n            \n          \n          Female Brain and Endocrinological Research \u2013 Veteran (FemBER-Vet) Study: A Study Protocol for Identifying Endocrinological, Lifestyle and Psychosocial Determinants of Brain Health Outcomes in Female Veterans for Future Intervention Success\n          \n          2024","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.13.24308913"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e209298","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209298","article-title":"Associations between age at menopause, vascular risk, and 3-year cognitive change in the Canadian longitudinal study on aging","volume":"102","author":"Wood Alexander","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12060","article-title":"Complex interactions underlie racial disparity in the risk of developing Alzheimer disease dementia","volume":"16","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. J. Alzheimers Assoc"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.9.688","article-title":"Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women: effects on cognitive function and dementia","volume":"279","author":"Yaffe","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Dementia"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frdem.2024.1496051\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T06:50:50Z","timestamp":1737096650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frdem.2024.1496051\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frdem.2024.1496051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frdem.2024.1496051","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-3919"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-3919","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"article-number":"1496051"}}