{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:03:35Z","timestamp":1784783015403,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Dement."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dementia continues to pose a growing challenge worldwide, particularly in aging populations where effective disease-modifying treatments remain limited. In this context, attention has increasingly shifted toward non-pharmacological approaches, including physical activity and structured exercise. Evidence accumulated over the past decade suggests that regular exercise may offer modest but meaningful benefits across several domains. These include improvements in cognitive function\u2014especially executive function and attention\u2014as well as gains in mobility, daily functioning, and psychological well-being. While the extent of cognitive improvement varies across studies, a consistent pattern emerges indicating greater benefit when interventions are initiated earlier in the disease course. Beyond clinical outcomes, several biological mechanisms have been proposed, including enhanced cerebral perfusion, upregulation of neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and attenuation of neuroinflammatory processes. At the same time, challenges remain. Differences in exercise protocols, issues related to adherence, and variability in patient populations make it difficult to define an optimal approach. Despite these limitations, physical activity represents a practical, low-cost strategy that can be integrated into routine care. Further research is needed to refine intervention design and understand long-term effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frdem.2026.1843904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T04:30:39Z","timestamp":1784781039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physical activity and exercise in dementia: clinical relevance and emerging insights"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Thyparambil Aravindakshan","family":"Pramodkumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Operations and Diabetes Complications, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation","place":["Chennai, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viswanathan","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chairman, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (ICMR-Collaborating Centre of Excellence) and Dr Mohan\u2019s Diabetes Specialities Centre (IDF Centre of Excellence in Diabetes)","place":["Chennai, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347987","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1347987","article-title":"The role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases: current understanding and future therapeutic targets","volume":"16","author":"Adamu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S189905","article-title":"Risk factors for developing dementia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"15","author":"Albai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43595","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.43595","article-title":"The effect of physical activity on sleep quality and sleep disorder: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Alnawwar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397754","DOI":"10.3389\/fepid.2024.1397754","article-title":"Dementia risk prediction modelling in low- and middle-income countries: current state of evidence","volume":"4","author":"Alshahrani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00119-5","article-title":"Metabolic non-communicable disease health report of India: the ICMR-INDIAB national cross-sectional study (ICMR-INDIAB-17)","volume":"11","author":"Anjana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-14-60","article-title":"A 12-week multidomain intervention versus active control to reduce risk of Alzheimer's disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Anstey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2015.56342","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its clinical implications","volume":"11","author":"Bathina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502417","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1502417","article-title":"Physical activity and neuroplasticity in neurodegenerative disorders: a comprehensive review of exercise interventions, cognitive training, and AI applications","volume":"19","author":"Ben Ezzdine","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X20957807","article-title":"Benefits of exercise training on cerebrovascular and cognitive function in ageing","volume":"41","author":"Bliss","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s13670-013-0059-0","article-title":"Interventions to improve walking in older adults","volume":"2","author":"Brach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Transl Geriatr Exp Gerontol Rep."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"01","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.363194","article-title":"Role of vascular endothelial growth factor as a critical neurotrophic factor for the survival and physiology of motoneurons","volume":"18","author":"Calvo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"126","article-title":"Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research","volume":"100","author":"Caspersen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8536","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148536","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions for the management of chronic health conditions and non-communicable diseases","volume":"19","author":"Castellano-Tejedor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368504251346018","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504251346018","article-title":"Multicomponent exercise improved cognitive flexibility and muscular fitness in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"108","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Prog."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236050","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1236050","article-title":"Tai chi for fall prevention and balance improvement in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673786","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1673786","article-title":"Effects of three aerobic exercise modalities (walking, running, and cycling) on circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642020dn14-020001","article-title":"Daily functioning and dementia","volume":"14","author":"Cipriani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dement Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13231940","article-title":"Impact of physical activity on cellular metabolism across both neurodegenerative and general neurological conditions: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4547","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e4547","article-title":"Integration of balance and strength training into daily life activity to reduce rate of falls in older people (the LiFE study): randomised parallel trial","volume":"345","author":"Clemson","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7777","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207777","article-title":"Neurotrophic factor BDNF, physiological functions and therapeutic potential in depression, neurodegeneration and brain cancer","volume":"21","author":"Colucci-D'Amato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9234105","article-title":"Exercise intervention associated with cognitive improvement in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"2018","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.12.012","article-title":"Brain metabolic dysfunction at the core of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"88","author":"de la Monte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.01.004","article-title":"Physical exercise in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"9","author":"De la Rosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8856621","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8856621","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on neuroplasticity and brain function: a systematic review in human and animal studies","volume":"2020","author":"de Sousa Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2020.101139","article-title":"Adherence to exercise interventions in older people with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Di Lorito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S169565","article-title":"Physical activity can improve cognition in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384017","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/384017","article-title":"Insulin in central nervous system: more than just a peripheral hormone","volume":"2012","author":"Duarte","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Aging Res."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-022-00668-3","article-title":"Understanding heterogeneity of responses to, and optimizing clinical efficacy of, exercise training in older adults: NIH NIA workshop summary","volume":"45","author":"Erickson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geroscience."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr123","article-title":"The lifestyle interventions and Independence for elders study: design and methods","volume":"66","author":"Fielding","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827607300283","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory actions of exercise training","volume":"1","author":"Flynn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108727","article-title":"Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity changes in a diabetes prevention intervention randomized trial among south Asians with prediabetes \u2013 the D-CLIP trial","volume":"174","author":"Ford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003230","article-title":"Resistance training for older adults: position statement from the National Strength and conditioning association","volume":"33","author":"Fragala","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp11X561249","article-title":"Are physical activity interventions in primary care and the community cost-effective? A systematic review of the evidence","volume":"61","author":"Garrett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-03522-2","article-title":"Metabolic status and brain health: the relationship between the metabolic score for insulin resistance and cognitive function in older adults","volume":"30","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2014.04.001","article-title":"Dementia and cognitive impairment: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"30","author":"Hugo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10121665","article-title":"The influence of physical activity on the bioactive lipids metabolism in obesity-induced muscle insulin resistance","volume":"10","author":"Imierska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23123229","article-title":"Molecular and functional interaction of the Myokine Irisin with physical exercise and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"23","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2015.3","article-title":"Insulin resistance as a key link for the increased risk of cognitive impairment in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-4572.2009.00054.x","article-title":"Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the cardiometabolic syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Kirk","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich)"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.48","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow regulation and neurovascular dysfunction in Alzheimer disease","volume":"18","author":"Kisler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.02.007","article-title":"Vascular disease and dementias: paradigm shifts to drive research in new directions","volume":"9","author":"Kling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5795","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115795","article-title":"Physical exercise-induced myokines in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552905","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1552905","article-title":"Research progress on resistance exercise therapy for improving cognitive function in patients with AD and muscle atrophy","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-025-00879-0","article-title":"Lewy body dementia: exploring biomarkers and pathogenic interactions of amyloid \u03b2, tau, and \u03b1-synuclein","volume":"20","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.01.012","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of exercise training on elderly patients with dementia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00509","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on cognitive functioning and wellbeing: biological and psychological benefits","volume":"9","author":"Mandolesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15041482","article-title":"Immediate and long-term effectiveness of a therapeutic exercise protocol in patients with dementia","volume":"15","author":"Maria Del Rosario","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007409","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007409","article-title":"The economic burden of dementia in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Mattap","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x-anp-2020-0284","article-title":"Physical exercise is effective for neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review","volume":"79","author":"Mendonca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2013.1334","article-title":"Translating research into practice: case study of a community-based dementia caregiver intervention","volume":"33","author":"Mittelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Aff. (Millwood)."},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"152","article-title":"Incidence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in a selected urban south Indian population (CUPS-19)","volume":"56","author":"Mohan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01616.x","article-title":"Association of physical inactivity with components of metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease--the Chennai urban population study (CUPS no. 15)","volume":"22","author":"Mohan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112387","article-title":"Lean diabetes is one end of the spectrum of type 2 diabetes and not a separate entity","volume":"227","author":"Mohan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.8.4.371","article-title":"High prevalence of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) among Indians","volume":"8","author":"Mohan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00672","article-title":"Physical exercise as personalized medicine for dementia prevention?","volume":"10","author":"Mullers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2024.100578","article-title":"The effect of aerobic exercise on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and executive function in college students","volume":"26","author":"Munoz Ospina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ment. Health Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-023-01380-6","article-title":"New approaches to the treatment of frontotemporal dementia","volume":"20","author":"Neylan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36200","article-title":"Multicomponent versus aerobic exercise intervention: effects on hemodynamic, physical fitness and quality of life in adult and elderly cardiovascular disease patients: a randomized controlled study","volume":"10","author":"Poli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf354","article-title":"Epidemic of cardio-metabolic disorders in South Asia: need for urgent solutions","volume":"46","author":"Pramod Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2023.108545","article-title":"Role of cystatin C in the detection of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Pramod Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610203008949","article-title":"Mixed dementia: Alzheimer's and cerebrovascular disease","volume":"15","author":"Rockwood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505879","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1505879","article-title":"Impact of physical exercise on the regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in people with neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"15","author":"Romero Garavito","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209319","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1209319","article-title":"Effectiveness of exercise interventions on fall prevention in ambulatory community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review with narrative synthesis","volume":"11","author":"Sadaqa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-023-2000-3","article-title":"The role of exercise in mild cognitive impairment and dementia","volume":"27","author":"Saez de Asteasu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9793","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.118737","article-title":"The pathophysiology of mixed Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia","volume":"15","author":"Sarhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3390\/sports13060159","article-title":"Multicomponent exercise and functional fitness: strategies for fall prevention in aging women","volume":"13","author":"Schneider","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports (Basel)."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8363","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000003030","article-title":"The role of exercise in enhancing brain and cerebrovascular health via the bone-brain axis: implications for surgical and clinical interventions","volume":"111","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17181","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24729","article-title":"Oxidative stress: role of physical exercise and antioxidant nutraceuticals in adulthood and aging","volume":"9","author":"Simioni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15092","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.15092","article-title":"Exercise promotes the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through the action of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"5","author":"Sleiman","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2011.10.004","article-title":"Role of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from microglia in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"87","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-03165-3","article-title":"Effects of exercise on neuroinflammation in age-related neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"30","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-03686-6","article-title":"Enhancing care service utilization and reducing burden: the role of needs assessments for dementia caregivers in long-term care","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Nurs."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoy.ijoy_219_24","article-title":"The impact of yoga intervention on physical and mental health of adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Subramani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Yoga."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000349","article-title":"Aerobic exercise training for the aging brain: effective dosing and vascular mechanism","volume":"53","author":"Tarumi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3800","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.4c00339","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease: exploring the landscape of cognitive decline","volume":"15","author":"Tenchov","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05177-6","article-title":"Exercise and metabolic health: beyond skeletal muscle","volume":"63","author":"Thyfault","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X221133861","article-title":"One-year aerobic exercise increases cerebral blood flow in cognitively normal older adults","volume":"43","author":"Tomoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-05-01628.2001","article-title":"Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates exercise-induced increases in the number of new neurons in the adult hippocampus","volume":"21","author":"Trejo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.4103\/jod.jod_85_22","article-title":"Association of stress, depression and anxiety among individuals with microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Vidyulatha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref80","volume-title":"Fact Sheets of Dementia","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182315a56","article-title":"Advanced glycation end product level, diabetes, and accelerated cognitive aging","volume":"77","author":"Yaffe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13030521","article-title":"Preventive strategies for cognitive decline and dementia: benefits of aerobic physical activity, especially open-skill exercise","volume":"13","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6611","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14186611","article-title":"Vascular dementia: from pathophysiology to therapeutic frontiers","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-026-00404-2","article-title":"Optimal type and dose of exercise to improve cognitive function in healthy and pre-sarcopenic older adults: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14110589","article-title":"Exercise as a therapeutic strategy for obesity: central and peripheral mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Meta"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598419","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1598419","article-title":"Lactate-induced metabolic signaling is the potential mechanism for reshaping the brain function \u2013 role of physical exercise","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Dementia"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frdem.2026.1843904\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T04:30:45Z","timestamp":1784781045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frdem.2026.1843904\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frdem.2026.1843904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frdem.2026.1843904","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-3919"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-3919","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"article-number":"1843904"}}