{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:28:08Z","timestamp":1787027288600,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR063631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR063631"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR071614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR071614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR071618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR071618"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Rehabilit. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The decline in the mass and function of bone and muscle is an inevitable consequence of healthy aging with early onset and accelerated decline in those with chronic disease. Termed osteo-sarcopenia, this condition predisposes the decreased activity, falls, low-energy fractures, and increased risk of co-morbid disease that leads to musculoskeletal frailty. The biology of osteo-sarcopenia is most understood in the context of systemic neuro-endocrine and immune\/inflammatory alterations that drive inflammation, oxidative stress, reduced autophagy, and cellular senescence in the bone and muscle. Here we integrate these concepts to our growing understanding of how bone and muscle senses, responds and adapts to mechanical load. We propose that age-related alterations in cytoskeletal mechanics alter load-sensing and mechano-transduction in bone osteocytes and muscle fibers which underscores osteo-sarcopenia. Lastly, we examine the evidence for exercise as an effective countermeasure to osteo-sarcopenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2021.782848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]],"date-time":"2021-12-05T23:33:38Z","timestamp":1638747218000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Aging, Osteo-Sarcopenia, and Musculoskeletal Mechano-Transduction"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Jenna M.","family":"Leser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anicca","family":"Harriot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather V.","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher W.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Stains","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980170114","article-title":"Bone mineral density at the hip predicts mortality in elderly men","volume":"12","author":"Trivedi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl224","article-title":"Grip strength, body composition, and mortality","volume":"36","author":"Gale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01413.x","article-title":"Improvement in usual gait speed predicts better survival in older adults","volume":"55","author":"Hardy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.04.018","article-title":"Grip strength predicts cause-specific mortality in middle-aged and elderly persons","volume":"120","author":"Sasaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.06.039","article-title":"Gait speed as an incremental predictor of mortality and major morbidity in elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery","volume":"56","author":"Afilalo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1923","article-title":"Gait speed and survival in older adults","volume":"305","author":"Studenski","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2013.11.010","article-title":"Skeletal muscle mass and risk of death in an elderly population","volume":"24","author":"Chuang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-3014-9","article-title":"Accelerated bone loss and increased post-fracture mortality in elderly women and men","volume":"26","author":"Bliuc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12586","article-title":"Excess mortality after hip fracture in elderly persons from Europe and the USA: the CHANCES project","volume":"281","author":"Katsoulis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Intern Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-019-1226-6","article-title":"Mortality after osteoporotic hip fracture: Incidence, trends, and associated factors","volume":"14","author":"Guzon-Illescas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15304","article-title":"Medical costs of fatal and nonfatal falls in older adults","volume":"66","author":"Florence","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2017.12.021","article-title":"Long-term health and economic value of improved mobility among older adults in the United States","volume":"21","author":"Kabiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Value Health."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2017.08.002","article-title":"The impact of mobility limitations on health outcomes among older adults","volume":"39","author":"Musich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geriatric Nursing."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.08.001","article-title":"Peak bone mass and patterns of change in total bone mineral density and bone mineral contents from childhood into young adulthood","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Densitometry."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr046","article-title":"Of Greek heroes, wiggling worms, mighty mice, and old body builders","volume":"67","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gerontol Series A."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2019.01.006","article-title":"Age-related bone loss and sarcopenia in men","volume":"122","author":"Laurent","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maturitas."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2018.07.004","article-title":"Towards frailty biomarkers: candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases","volume":"47","author":"Cardoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2019.03.007","article-title":"Frailty biomarkers in humans and rodents: current approaches and future advances","volume":"180","author":"Kane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.11138\/ccmbm\/2015.12.1.022","article-title":"The pathogenetic bases of sarcopenia","volume":"12","author":"Budui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Cases Mineral Bone Metabol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00255","article-title":"Osteoporosis and sarcopenia increase frailty syndrome in the elderly","volume":"10","author":"Greco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3679","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103679","article-title":"Molecular basis of bone aging","volume":"21","author":"Corrado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp017279","article-title":"Contractile properties of skeletal muscles from young, adult and aged mice","volume":"404","author":"Brooks","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0012345","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012345","article-title":"Age- and gender-related changes in contractile properties of non-atrophied EDL muscle","volume":"5","author":"Chan","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2222","article-title":"Age-related impairment of bones' adaptive response to loading in mice is associated with sex-related deficiencies in osteoblasts but no change in osteocytes","volume":"29","author":"Meakin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Mineral Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650101016","article-title":"Aging changes mechanical loading thresholds for bone formation in rats","volume":"10","author":"Turner","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bone Mineral Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-199401000-00006","article-title":"Aging skeletal muscle: response to exercise","volume":"22","author":"Cartee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.2003.01050.x","article-title":"Strength and power changes of the human plantar flexors and knee extensors in response to resistance training in old age","volume":"177","author":"Ferri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13597","article-title":"Exercise training increases skeletal muscle strength independent of hypertrophy in older adults aged 75 years and older","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt153","article-title":"Beyond taxol: microtubule-based treatment of disease and injury of the nervous system","volume":"136","author":"Baas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-017-0402-z","article-title":"Aging, osteocytes, and mechanotransduction","volume":"15","author":"Hemmatian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01031.2018","article-title":"Mechanosensitive pathways controlling translation regulatory processes in skeletal muscle and implications for adaptation","author":"Kirby","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3404","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073404","article-title":"Stiffness and aging in cardiovascular diseases: the dangerous relationship between force and senescence","volume":"22","author":"Ferrari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010061","article-title":"Master regulators of muscle atrophy: role of costamere components","volume":"10","author":"Gorza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8526","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9526","article-title":"Detyrosinated microtubules modulate mechanotransduction in heart and skeletal muscle","volume":"6","author":"Kerr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaan5748","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aan5748","article-title":"Microtubules tune mechanotransduction through NOX2 and TRPV4 to decrease sclerostin abundance in osteocytes","volume":"10","author":"Lyons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12743","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.202012743","article-title":"Tubulin acetylation increases cytoskeletal stiffness to regulate mechanotransduction in striated muscle","volume":"153","author":"Coleman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64393","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64393","article-title":"Disparate bone anabolic cues activate bone formation by regulating the rapid lysosomal degradation of sclerostin protein","volume":"10","author":"Gould","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.04.014","article-title":"Bone and skeletal muscle: key players in mechanotransduction and potential overlapping mechanisms","volume":"80","author":"Goodman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030432","article-title":"Interactions between muscle and bone-where physics meets biology","volume":"10","author":"Herrmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2021.115971","article-title":"The cytoskeleton and connected elements in bone cell mechano-transduction","volume":"149","author":"Gould","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-019-00522-0","article-title":"Physicochemical niche conditions and mechanosensing by osteocytes and myocytes","volume":"17","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00685.2018","article-title":"Stimuli and sensors that initiate skeletal muscle hypertrophy following resistance exercise","volume":"126","author":"Wackerhage","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-020-0099-y","article-title":"Molecular mechanosensors in osteocytes","volume":"8","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2009.07.050","article-title":"Contribution of the cytoskeleton to the compressive properties and recovery behavior of single cells","volume":"97","author":"Ofek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biophys J."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2018.10.009","article-title":"How cells exploit tubulin diversity to build functional cellular microtubule mosaics","volume":"56","author":"Roll-Mecak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0214-3","article-title":"The tubulin code and its role in controlling microtubule properties and functions","volume":"21","author":"Janke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0015354","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015354","article-title":"Skeletal muscle NADPH oxidase is increased and triggers stretch-induced damage in the mdx mouse","volume":"5","author":"Whitehead","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5425","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5425","article-title":"Src-dependent impairment of autophagy by oxidative stress in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"5","author":"Pal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2015.65","article-title":"Genetic evidence in the mouse solidifies the calcium hypothesis of myofiber death in muscular dystrophy","volume":"22","author":"Burr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615351","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.615351","article-title":"Disturbances in calcium homeostasis promotes skeletal muscle atrophy: lessons from ventilator-induced diaphragm wasting","volume":"11","author":"Hyatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2012.03.021","article-title":"An overview of the regulation of bone remodelling at the cellular level","volume":"45","author":"Kular","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Biochem."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5866","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705092200","article-title":"Mechanical stimulation of bone in vivo reduces osteocyte expression of Sost\/sclerostin","volume":"283","author":"Robling","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17099-3","article-title":"A FAK\/HDAC5 signaling axis controls osteocyte mechanotransduction","volume":"11","author":"Sato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090411","article-title":"Sclerostin mediates bone response to mechanical unloading through antagonizing Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Mineral Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16744","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.628313","article-title":"The Wnt inhibitor sclerostin is up-regulated by mechanical unloading in osteocytes in vitro","volume":"290","author":"Spatz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5337","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321605111","article-title":"Physical activity when young provides lifelong benefits to cortical bone size and strength in men","volume":"111","author":"Warden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-017-0272-5","article-title":"Serum sclerostin increases after acute physical activity","volume":"101","author":"Pickering","year":"2017","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2152","article-title":"Sclerostin and its association with physical activity, age, gender, body composition, and bone mineral content in healthy adults","volume":"97","author":"Amrein","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1773","article-title":"Changes in bone sclerostin levels in mice after ovariectomy vary independently of changes in serum sclerostin levels","volume":"28","author":"Jastrzebski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bone Mineral Res."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1736","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1579","article-title":"Serum sclerostin increases in healthy adult men during bed rest","volume":"97","author":"Spatz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1999.276.1.C120","article-title":"Phosphorylation of p70(S6k) correlates with increased skeletal muscle mass following resistance exercise","volume":"276","author":"Baar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/112_2013_17","article-title":"The role of mTORC1 in regulating protein synthesis and skeletal muscle mass in response to various mechanical stimuli","volume":"166","author":"Goodman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23547","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28923","article-title":"Mechanical loading stimulates hypertrophy in tissue-engineered skeletal muscle: molecular and phenotypic responses","volume":"234","author":"Aguilar-Agon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1997.273.1.E99","article-title":"Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans","volume":"273","author":"Phillips","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.244897","article-title":"Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis","volume":"591","author":"Areta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1330-4","article-title":"Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and regeneration: interplay between the myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) pathways","volume":"70","author":"Zanou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C853","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00093.2005","article-title":"Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling activates growth-control genes during overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy","volume":"289","author":"Armstrong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14522","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203051","article-title":"Effects of exercise on cellular and tissue aging","volume":"13","author":"Carapeto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1113\/JP279411","article-title":"The influence of aerobic exercise on mitochondrial quality control in skeletal muscle","volume":"599","author":"Philp","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.931272","article-title":"Evidences of apoptosis during the early phases of soleus muscle atrophy in hindlimb suspended mice","volume":"57","author":"Ferreira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol Res."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189121","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189121","article-title":"Model of hindlimb unloading in adult female rats: Characterizing bone physicochemical, microstructural, and biomechanical properties","volume":"12","author":"Peres-Ueno","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-018-0477-z","article-title":"Role of defective Ca2+ signaling in skeletal muscle weakness: Pharmacological implications","volume":"12","author":"Agrawal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Commun Signal."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00591371","article-title":"Effect of hind-limb immobilization on contractile and histochemical properties of skeletal muscle","volume":"342","author":"Booth","year":"1973","journal-title":"Pflugers Archiv."},{"key":"B74","first-page":"284","article-title":"A decade of aerobic endurance training: histological evidence for fibre type transformation","volume":"40","author":"Thayer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/00044067-200205000-00011","article-title":"The effect of bed rest and potential of prehabilitation on patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"13","author":"Topp","year":"2002","journal-title":"AACN Clin Issues."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00329-2","article-title":"Conduction velocity of nerve and muscle fiber action potentials after a space mission or a bed rest","volume":"114","author":"Ruegg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13728-015-0036-7","article-title":"The impact of extended bed rest on the musculoskeletal system in the critical care environment","volume":"4","author":"Parry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Extr Physiol Med."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540500091890","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species as mediators of cellular senescence","volume":"57","author":"Colavitti","year":"2005","journal-title":"IUBMB Life."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13193","article-title":"The role of senescent cells in ageing","volume":"509","author":"van Deursen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12597","article-title":"DNA damage and senescence in osteoprogenitors expressing Osx1 may cause their decrease with age","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Cell."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4385","article-title":"Targeting cellular senescence prevents age-related bone loss in mice","volume":"23","author":"Farr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13013","article-title":"Geriatric muscle stem cells switch reversible quiescence into senescence","volume":"506","author":"Sousa-Victor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2018.05.007","article-title":"Musculoskeletal senescence: a moving target ready to be eliminated","volume":"40","author":"Baar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R18","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00327.2006","article-title":"An integrated view of oxidative stress in aging: basic mechanisms, functional effects, and pathological considerations","volume":"292","author":"Kregel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Compar Physiol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8931-7_3","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species detection in senescent cells","volume":"1896","author":"Victorelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2010.178","article-title":"Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"21","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27285","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M702810200","article-title":"Skeletal involution by age-associated oxidative stress and its acceleration by loss of sex steroids","volume":"282","author":"Almeida","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.159053","article-title":"Correlation between bone mineral density and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women","volume":"19","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_524_18","article-title":"Oxidative stress as a possible pathogenic cofactor of post-menopausal osteox porosis: Existing evidence in support of the axis oestrogen deficiency-redox imbalance-bone loss","volume":"147","author":"Bonaccorsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62952","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62952","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of functional and metabolic changes during aging through the lifespan in male mice","volume":"10","author":"Petr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-2395-2-8","article-title":"Understanding how we age: insights into inflammaging","volume":"2","author":"Baylis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Longevity Healthspan."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.05.009","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines, aging, and age-related diseases","volume":"14","author":"Michaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_56_18","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02925","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 directly enhances osteocyte RANKL expression and promotes osteoclast formation","volume":"10","author":"Marahleh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3283474dbe","article-title":"Effects of inflammation on bone: an update","volume":"23","author":"Baker-LePain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.12.M772","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia and predictors of skeletal muscle mass in healthy, older men and women","volume":"57","author":"Iannuzzi-Sucich","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Gerontol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0064-2","article-title":"Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty","volume":"15","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118398","article-title":"Interleukin 6 receptor antibody inhibits muscle atrophy and modulates proteolytic systems in interleukin 6 transgenic mice","volume":"97","author":"Tsujinaka","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6995","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1810692116","article-title":"Age-related inflammation triggers skeletal stem\/progenitor cell dysfunction","volume":"116","author":"Josephson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.04.015","article-title":"Metformin enhances autophagy and normalizes mitochondrial function to alleviate aging-associated inflammation","volume":"32","author":"Bharath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metabol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.06.146","article-title":"Metformin promotes the osseointegration of titanium implants under osteoporotic conditions by regulating BMSCs autophagy, and osteogenic differentiation","volume":"531","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2371-0","article-title":"The anti-diabetic drug metformin does not affect bone mass in vivo or fracture healing","volume":"24","author":"Jeyabalan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.02.051","article-title":"Effect of the anti-diabetic drug metformin on bone mass in ovariectomized rats","volume":"635","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090732","article-title":"Effect of metformin on bone marrow progenitor cell differentiation: in vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"25","author":"Molinuevo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Min Res."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.11.032","article-title":"Metformin; an old antidiabetic drug with new potentials in bone disorders","volume":"109","author":"Bahrambeigi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.04.596","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation regulates in vitro bone formation and bone mass","volume":"47","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19852","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.104096","article-title":"Metformin alters skeletal muscle transcriptome adaptations to resistance training in older adults","volume":"12","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207587","article-title":"Irisin and autophagy: first update","volume":"21","author":"Pesce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2020.140443","article-title":"The aging lysosome: An essential catalyst for late-onset neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"1868","author":"Nixon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2014.117","article-title":"Degradation of misfolded proteins in neurodegenerative diseases: therapeutic targets and strategies","volume":"47","author":"Ciechanover","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.08.043","article-title":"Protein aggregation - mechanisms, detection, and control","volume":"550","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Pharm."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17432","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.444190","article-title":"Suppression of autophagy in osteocytes mimics skeletal aging","volume":"288","author":"Onal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12709","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12709","article-title":"Autophagy controls mesenchymal stem cell properties and senescence during bone aging","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging cell."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1839286","article-title":"Autophagy receptor OPTN (optineurin) regulates mesenchymal stem cell fate and bone-fat balance during aging by clearing FABP3","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autophagy."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101181","article-title":"Changes in macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy, and mitochondrial metabolism in murine skeletal and cardiac muscle during aging","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2018.10.005","article-title":"Targeting autophagy in aging and aging-related cardiovascular diseases","volume":"39","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx442","article-title":"Gaucher disease iPSC-derived osteoblasts have developmental and lysosomal defects that impair bone matrix deposition. Gaucher disease iPSC-derived osteoblasts have developmental and lysosomal defects","volume":"27","author":"Panicker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Human Mol Gene"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb839","article-title":"TSC2 is phosphorylated and inhibited by Akt and suppresses mTOR signalling","volume":"4","author":"Inoki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2016.1143211","article-title":"Dysfunctional autophagy is a driver of muscle stem cell functional decline with aging","volume":"12","author":"Garc\u00eda-Prat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autophagy."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5977","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102990","article-title":"Nrf2 deficiency promotes the increasing trend of autophagy during aging in skeletal muscle: a potential mechanism for the development of sarcopenia","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051054","article-title":"Manifestations of age on autophagy, mitophagy and lysosomes in skeletal muscle","volume":"10","author":"Triolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00317.2005","article-title":"Alpha7beta1-integrin regulates mechanotransduction and prevents skeletal muscle injury","volume":"290","author":"Boppart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.035402","article-title":"Regulation of transient receptor potential canonical channel 1 (TRPC1) by sphingosine 1-phosphate in C2C12 myoblasts and its relevance for a role of mechanotransduction in skeletal muscle differentiation","volume":"122","author":"Formigli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Sci."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.05.017","article-title":"The role of the sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling pathway in osteocyte mechanotransduction","volume":"79","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00041","article-title":"YAP-mediated mechanotransduction in skeletal muscle","volume":"7","author":"Fischer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40940","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40940","article-title":"The potential role of spectrin network in the mechanotransduction of MLO-Y4 osteocytes","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23665","article-title":"Mechanical loading disrupts osteocyte plasma membranes which initiates mechanosensation events in bone","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orthopaedic Res."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10366","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10366","article-title":"The mTORC2 component rictor is required for load-induced bone formation in late-stage skeletal cells","volume":"4","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBMR Plus."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13152","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13152","article-title":"Cytoskeleton stiffness regulates cellular senescence and innate immune response in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Mu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Cell."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2019.03.002","article-title":"The consequences of ageing, progeroid syndromes and cellular senescence on mechanotransduction and the nucleus","volume":"378","author":"Gilbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2999-1","article-title":"Cellular senescence is associated with reorganization of the microtubule cytoskeleton","volume":"76","author":"Moujaber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2021.111565","article-title":"The role of senolytics in osteoporosis and other skeletal pathologies","volume":"199","author":"Doolittle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-021-00164-y","article-title":"Cellular senescence in musculoskeletal homeostasis, diseases, and regeneration","volume":"9","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00381","article-title":"Regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics by redox signaling and oxidative stress: implications for neuronal development and trafficking","volume":"9","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2021.07.004","article-title":"Oxidative stress pathogenically remodels the cardiac myocyte cytoskeleton via structural alterations to the microtubule lattice","volume":"56","author":"Goldblum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20763-w","article-title":"TGF\u03b21 reinforces arterial aging in the vascular smooth muscle cell through a long-range regulation of the cytoskeletal stiffness","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2002-0075OC","article-title":"The role of the microtubules in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced endothelial cell permeability","volume":"28","author":"Petrache","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24920","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 and interleukin-1\u03b2 modulate calcium and nitric oxide signaling in mechanically stimulated osteocytes","volume":"60","author":"Bakker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33504","article-title":"Resolution of inflammation induces osteoblast function and regulates the Wnt signaling pathway","volume":"64","author":"Matzelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2174\/1871523011312010004","article-title":"Colchicine: an old wine in a new bottle?","volume":"12","author":"Roubille","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2019.09.011","article-title":"The effect of low-dose colchicine in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the LoDoCo2 trial rationale, design, and baseline characteristics","volume":"218","author":"Nidorf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am Heart J."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043930","article-title":"Microtubules increase diastolic stiffness in failing human cardiomyocytes and myocardium","volume":"141","author":"Caporizzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.05.060","article-title":"Effect of protein glutathionylation on neuronal cytoskeleton: a potential link to neurodegeneration","volume":"192","author":"Carletti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61269-8","article-title":"Assessment of the human bone lacuno-canalicular network at the nanoscale and impact of spatial resolution","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-005-8962-y","article-title":"Nano-microscale models of periosteocytic flow show differences in stresses imparted to cell body and processes","volume":"33","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk6010028","article-title":"The osteocyte: from \u201cprisoner\u201d to \u201corchestrator.\u201d","volume":"6","author":"Palumbo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Funct Morphol Kinesiol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101308","article-title":"Degeneration of the osteocyte network in the C57BL\/6 mouse model of aging","volume":"9","author":"Tiede-Lewis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1159\/000292948","article-title":"Taxol, a microtubule stabilizer, improves cardiac contractile function during ischemia in vitro","volume":"85","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacology."},{"key":"B149","first-page":"555","article-title":"Taxol prevents myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inducing JNK-mediated HO-1 expression","volume":"54","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm Biol."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.196287","article-title":"Mechanisms and functions of lysosome positioning","volume":"129","author":"Pu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cell Sci."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1038\/346864a0","article-title":"Radial extension of macrophage tubular lysosomes supported by kinesin","volume":"346","author":"Hollenbeck","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.141.1.51","article-title":"Golgi vesiculation and lysosome dispersion in cells lacking cytoplasmic dynein","volume":"141","author":"Harada","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.09.014","article-title":"Microtubule acetylation promotes kinesin-1 binding and transport","volume":"16","author":"Reed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Biol."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611547104","article-title":"Loss of alpha-tubulin polyglutamylation in ROSA22 mice is associated with abnormal targeting of KIF1A and modulated synaptic function","volume":"104","author":"Ikegami","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.026492","article-title":"Differential trafficking of Kif5c on tyrosinated and detyrosinated microtubules in live cells","volume":"121","author":"Dunn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cell Sci."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)41903-X","article-title":"Competition between motor molecules (kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein) and fibrous microtubule-associated proteins in binding to microtubules","volume":"269","author":"Hagiwara","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.112.14.2355","article-title":"Tau regulates the attachment\/detachment but not the speed of motors in microtubule-dependent transport of single vesicles and organelles","volume":"112","author":"Trinczek","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201807124","article-title":"Detyrosinated microtubules spatially constrain lysosomes facilitating lysosome-autophagosome fusion","volume":"218","author":"Mohan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0678-x","article-title":"Changes in power and force generation during coupled eccentric-concentric versus concentric muscle contraction with training and aging","volume":"103","author":"Caserotti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2012.09.012","article-title":"Exercise and longevity","volume":"73","author":"Gremeaux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Maturitas."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2014.1623","article-title":"Exercise attenuates the major hallmarks of aging","volume":"18","author":"Garatachea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2018.01.003","article-title":"Bone adaptation in response to treadmill exercise in young and adult mice","volume":"8","author":"Gardinier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000546","article-title":"Which type of exercise keeps you young?","volume":"22","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13294","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13294","article-title":"Is exercise a senolytic medicine? A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging cell."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.02.006","article-title":"Senescent and apoptotic osteocytes and aging: exercise to the rescue?","volume":"121","author":"Sherk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10040537","article-title":"Exercise-stimulated ROS sensitive signaling pathways in skeletal muscle","volume":"10","author":"Bouviere","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13039","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13039","article-title":"Metformin blunts muscle hypertrophy in response to progressive resistance exercise training in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial: the MASTERS trial","volume":"18","author":"Walton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Cell."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2013.08.004","article-title":"Exercise training attenuates aging-associated mitochondrial dysfunction in rat skeletal muscle: role of PGC-1\u03b1","volume":"48","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12698","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12698","article-title":"PGC-1\u03b1 promotes exercise-induced autophagy in mouse skeletal muscle","volume":"4","author":"Halling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rep."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12724","article-title":"The physiological impact of high-intensity interval training in octogenarians with comorbidities","volume":"12","author":"Blackwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.07.011","article-title":"Regulation of apoptosis and autophagy in mouse and human skeletal muscle with aging and lifelong exercise training","volume":"111","author":"Dethlefsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.21327","article-title":"Exercise induces autophagy in peripheral tissues and in the brain","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autophagy."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s40139-017-0135-9","article-title":"Regulation of exercise-induced autophagy in skeletal muscle","volume":"5","author":"Rocchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Pathobiol Rep."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.110789","article-title":"Regulatory role of exercise-induced autophagy for sarcopenia","volume":"130","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H749","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00935.2011","article-title":"AMPK attenuates microtubule proliferation in cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"304","author":"Fassett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1519\/00126548-199904000-00021","article-title":"Aging: its effects on strength, power, flexibility, and bone density","volume":"49","author":"Adams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim Res."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1139\/h02-013","article-title":"Effects of heavy resistance\/power training on maximal strength, muscle morphology, and hormonal response patterns in 60-75-year-old men and women","volume":"27","author":"H\u00e4kkinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3284","article-title":"High-intensity resistance and impact training improves bone mineral density and physical function in postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis: the LIFTMOR randomized controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Watson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bone Mineral Res."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003230","article-title":"Resistance training for older adults: Position statement from the national strength and conditioning association","volume":"33","author":"Fragala","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4008","article-title":"A comparison of bone-targeted exercise strategies to reduce fracture risk in middle-aged and older men with osteopenia and osteoporosis: LIFTMOR-M semi-randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Harding","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Bone Mineral Res."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.12.21260370","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of different exercises on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585644","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.585644","article-title":"Bone and muscle crosstalk in aging","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8040378","article-title":"Exercise-induced myokines can explain the importance of physical activity in the elderly: an overview","volume":"8","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Healthcare."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30033","article-title":"Myokines mediate the cross talk between skeletal muscle and other organs","volume":"236","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709807","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.709807","article-title":"The role of the skeletal muscle secretome in mediating endurance and resistance training adaptations","volume":"12","author":"Leuchtmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fresc.2021.782848\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]],"date-time":"2021-12-05T23:33:54Z","timestamp":1638747234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fresc.2021.782848\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"references-count":185,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fresc.2021.782848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fresc.2021.782848","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-6861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"article-number":"782848"}}