{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:01:13Z","timestamp":1790197273189,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Rehabilit. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical inactivity is one of the important factors leading to chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals with disabilities. However, not many Physical Activity (PA) interventions are available for improving the efficacy of PA and cardiovascular outcomes among community wheelchair users. Therefore, this systematic review will appraise the existing PA interventions for the community dwelling wheelchair users; we especially examined features of the PA programs that showed the improvements in PA and the CVD outcomes compared to the interventions that did not show any improvements in these outcomes among these population. The study also aimed to provide some recommendations for future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive and systematic search of literature published between 2015 and 2020 using the databases Scopus, Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL was conducted. This review has followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) guidelines. The quality of the evidence was assessed by Using Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tool. Studies that tested the efficacy of PA interventions for community-dwelling adult wheelchair users and published in English were involved. Two reviewers reviewed the literature and any disagreements among these reviewers were resolved by a third reviewer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen articles were selected for this review. Most of the studies reported improvements in PA. A few studies followed up the participants and majority of the studies have looked at the CVD outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Large-scale studies with follow-ups, and community participatory research that evaluates the effect of PA interventions on PA and CVD outcomes among wheelchair users are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2022.1007778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T01:05:05Z","timestamp":1667523905000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Physical activity programs for cardiovascular outcomes in community wheelchair users: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Mudasir Saleem","family":"Andrabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercy","family":"Mumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Key","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Motl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138176","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/138176","article-title":"Wheeled mobility","volume":"2015","author":"Koontz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2019.0065","article-title":"Physical mobility impairment and risk for cardiovascular disease","volume":"3","author":"Wilby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Equity"},{"key":"B3","year":""},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2016.02.002","article-title":"Self-reported incidence and age of onset of chronic comorbid medical conditions in adults aging with long-term physical disability","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1802-149","article-title":"Competent care for persons with spinal cord injury and dysfunction in acute inpatient rehabilitation","volume":"18","author":"Emerich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2017.1367363","article-title":"Community-based physical activity and wheelchair mobility programs for individuals with spinal cord injury in Canada: current reflections and future directions","volume":"40","author":"Best","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60646-1","article-title":"Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects","volume":"380","author":"Hallal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2014-018","article-title":"Perspectives on physical activity among people with multiple sclerosis who are wheelchair users: informing the design of future interventions","volume":"17","author":"Learmonth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J MS Care"},{"key":"B9","year":""},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00090","article-title":"Physical activity and physical activity induced energy expenditure in humans: measurement, determinants, and effects","volume":"4","author":"Westerterp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2017.05.002","article-title":"Physical activity of rurally residing children with a disability: a survey of parents and carers","volume":"11","author":"Wakely","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"key":"B12","year":""},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2017.1413145","article-title":"Satisfaction and perceptions of long-term manual wheelchair users with a spinal cord injury upon completion of a locomotor training program with an overground robotic exoskeleton","volume":"19","author":"Gagnon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-00548-7","article-title":"Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a handcycling high-intensity interval training program for individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"59","author":"Koontz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.7280","article-title":"The smartphone peer physical activity counseling (SPPAC) program for manual wheelchair users: protocol of a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Best","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-0523-6","article-title":"A tele-health intervention to increase physical fitness in people with spinal cord injury and cardiometabolic disease or risk factors: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Bombardier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.125","article-title":"The effectiveness and satisfaction of web-based physiotherapy in people with spinal cord injury: a pilot randomised controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"Coulter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.07.006","article-title":"Exercise for everyone: a randomized controlled trial of project workout on wheels in promoting exercise among wheelchair users","volume":"95","author":"Froehlich-Grobe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.06.011","article-title":"Promoting physical activity through a manual wheelchair propulsion intervention in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Rice","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2020.106102","article-title":"The design of a randomized control trial of exoskeletal-assisted walking in the home and community on quality of life in persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"96","author":"Spungen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2037","article-title":"Low-intensity wheelchair training in inactive people with long-term spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial on fitness, wheelchair skill performance and physical activity levels","volume":"48","author":"van der Scheer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2601-01","article-title":"Motivation to physical exercise in manual wheelchair users with paraplegia","volume":"26","author":"Ferri-Caruana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317736819","article-title":"Effectiveness of a self-management intervention to promote an active lifestyle in persons with long-term spinal cord injury: the HABITS randomized clinical trial","volume":"31","author":"Kooijmans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.05.008","article-title":"Home-based exercise enhances health-related quality of life in persons with spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"99","author":"Nightingale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215516657581","article-title":"A behavioral intervention promoting physical activity in people with subacute spinal cord injury: secondary effects on health, social participation and quality of life","volume":"31","author":"Nooijen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1546-5","article-title":"INTERnational project for the evaluation of \u201cctivE rehabilitation\u201d (inter-PEER)\u2014a protocol for a prospective cohort study of community peer-based training programmes for people with spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Divanoglou","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.06.023","article-title":"Group lifestyle balance adapted for individuals with impaired mobility: outcomes for 6-month RCT and combined groups at 12 months","volume":"59","author":"Froehlich-Grobe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-0526-3","article-title":"Correction: correlates of adherence in a home-based, self-managed exercise program tailored to wheelchair users with spinal cord injury","volume":"59","author":"Wilroy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001390","article-title":"Impact of exercise on cardiometabolic component risks in spinal cord-injured humans","volume":"49","author":"Nightingale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.152","article-title":"A more active lifestyle in persons with a recent spinal cord injury benefits physical fitness and health","volume":"50","author":"Nooijen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2524.2010.00972.x","article-title":"The effectiveness of culturally appropriate interventions to manage or prevent chronic disease in culturally and linguistically diverse communities: a systematic literature review","volume":"19","author":"Henderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7140.1310","article-title":"Development and importance of health needs assessment","volume":"316","author":"Wright","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13441","DOI":"10.2196\/13441","article-title":"Website redesign of a 16-week exercise intervention for people with spinal cord injury by using participatory action research","volume":"6","author":"Cole","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-013-9924-3","article-title":"Evaluating patient acceptability of a culturally focused psychiatric consultation intervention for Latino Americans with depression","volume":"16","author":"Trinh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827610392704","article-title":"Self-efficacy: implications for physical activity, function, and functional limitations in older adults","volume":"5","author":"McAuley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18158002","article-title":"The associations between self-determined motivation, multidimensional self-efficacy, and device-measured physical activity","volume":"18","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0354-2","article-title":"Locomotor training using an overground robotic exoskeleton in long-term manual wheelchair users with a chronic spinal cord injury living in the community: lessons learned from a feasibility study in terms of recruitment, attendance, learnability, performance and safety","volume":"15","author":"Gagnon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10798","DOI":"10.2196\/10798","article-title":"Smartphone-delivered peer physical activity counseling program for individuals with spinal cord injury: protocol for development and pilot evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Best","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"B39","year":""}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fresc.2022.1007778\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T01:05:07Z","timestamp":1667523907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fresc.2022.1007778\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fresc.2022.1007778"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fresc.2022.1007778","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-6861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"article-number":"1007778"}}