{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:29:01Z","timestamp":1792121341873,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Rehabil. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peripheral nerve injuries are common and can have a devastating effect on physical, psychological, and socioeconomic wellbeing. Peripheral nerve transfers have become the standard of care for many types of peripheral nerve injury due to their superior outcomes relative to conventional techniques. As the indications for, and use of, nerve transfers expand, the importance of pre-operative assessment and post-operative optimization increases. There are two principal advantages of nerve transfers: (1) their ability to shorten the time to reinnervation of muscles undergoing denervation because of peripheral nerve injury; and (2) their specificity in ensuring proximal motor and sensory axons are directed towards appropriate motor and sensory targets. Compared to conventional nerve grafting, nerve transfers offer opportunities to reinnervate muscles affected by cervical spinal cord injury and to augment natural reinnervation potential for very proximal injuries. This article provides a narrative review of the current scientific knowledge and clinical understanding of nerve transfers including peripheral nerve injury assessment and pre- and post-operative electrodiagnostic testing, adjuvant therapies, and post-operative rehabilitation for optimizing nerve transfer outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2023.1267433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T04:57:56Z","timestamp":1700456276000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Assessment, patient selection, and rehabilitation of nerve transfers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Emma A.","family":"Bateman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Larocerie-Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas C.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stahs","family":"Pripotnev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944720963895","article-title":"Incidence of nerve injury after extremity trauma in the United States","volume":"17","author":"Padovano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hand"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"19","article-title":"The epidemiology of forearm nerve injuries\u2013a retrospective study","volume":"54","author":"Rasuli\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Clin Croat"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-017-3205-1","article-title":"Outcome after brachial plexus injury surgery and impact on quality of life","volume":"159","author":"Rasuli\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000245610.01732.32","article-title":"Pain syndromes after missile-caused peripheral nerve lesions: part 1\u2013clinical characteristics","volume":"59","author":"Roganovic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Hippocratic writings","author":"Hippocrates","year":"1983"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Galeni opera omnia","author":"Gailen","year":"1821"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1795.0008","article-title":"Experiments on the nerves, particularly on their reproduction; and on the spinal marrow of living animals","volume":"85","author":"Cruikshank","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pilos Trans R Soc Lond"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1795.0009","article-title":"An experimental inquiry concerning the reproduction of nerves. By John Haighton, M. D. Communicated by Maxwell Garthshore, M. D. F. R. S","volume":"85","author":"Haighton","year":"1795","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.3147.596","article-title":"The surgery of the peripheral nerve injuries of warfare","volume":"1","author":"Platt","year":"1921","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"63","article-title":"Nerve regeneration after immediate and delayed suture","volume":"77","author":"Holmes","year":"1942","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"49","article-title":"Nerve grafting","volume":"133","author":"Berger","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.12.002","article-title":"Nerve transfers: indications, techniques, and outcomes","volume":"35","author":"Tung","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2290","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000002290","article-title":"Nerve transfers-a paradigm shift in the reconstructive ladder","volume":"7","author":"Domeshek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.01602","article-title":"Comparison of nerve transfers and nerve grafting for traumatic upper plexus palsy: a systematic review and analysis","volume":"93","author":"Garg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2022.02.007","article-title":"Anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar nerve transfer: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Thakkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"JPRAS Open"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318257be98","article-title":"A systematic review of nerve transfer and nerve repair for the treatment of adult upper brachial plexus injury","volume":"71","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27706","article-title":"Traumatic injury to peripheral nerves","volume":"66","author":"Robinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12868","article-title":"Preoperative electrodiagnostic planning for upper limb peripheral nerve transfers in cervical spinal cord injury: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Silverman","year":"2023","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00289.2022","article-title":"Clinical electrodiagnostic evaluation for nerve transfer surgery in spinal cord injury: a new indication and clinical pearls","volume":"128","author":"Berger","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.04.008","article-title":"Interpreting electrodiagnostic studies for the management of nerve injury","volume":"47","author":"Pripotnev","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2015.12.014","article-title":"Donor activation focused rehabilitation approach: maximizing outcomes after nerve transfers","volume":"32","author":"Kahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/BTH.0000000000000359","article-title":"Rehabilitation following nerve transfer surgery","volume":"26","author":"Larocerie-Salgado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199704000-00023","article-title":"The ten test","volume":"99","author":"Strauch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2016.06.025","article-title":"Reliability of the \u201cten test\u201d for assessment of discriminative sensation in hand trauma","volume":"69","author":"Berger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsb.2004.02.008","article-title":"The two-point discrimination test\u2013time for a re-appraisal?","volume":"29","author":"Lundborg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Br"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1000132","article-title":"A comparison of five tests for determining hand sensibility","volume":"15","author":"Patel","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsb.2004.12.006","article-title":"Assessment of sensibility after nerve injury and repair: a systematic review of evidence for validity, reliability and responsiveness of tests","volume":"30","author":"Jerosch-Herold","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Br"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2018.06.005","article-title":"Planning interventions to treat brachial plexopathies","volume":"29","author":"Bunnell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2006.11.008","article-title":"Use of the medical research council muscle strength grading system in the upper extremity","volume":"32","author":"James","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(93)90249-f","article-title":"The Hoffmann-Tinel sign. 1915","volume":"18","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Br"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000132675.12289.78","article-title":"The Tinel sign: a historical perspective","volume":"114","author":"Davis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-14-00176","article-title":"Double crush syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Kane","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2016.09.009","article-title":"Multifocal neuropathy: expanding the scope of double crush syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000111","article-title":"Peripheral nerves and plexus: imaging by MR-neurography and high-resolution ultrasound","volume":"27","author":"Pham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019180112","article-title":"Functional MR neurography in evaluation of peripheral nerve trauma and postsurgical assessment","volume":"39","author":"Mart\u00edn Noguerol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2023.04.001","article-title":"Imaging peripheral nerve injuries of the lower extremities: what surgeons need to know","volume":"44","author":"Amrami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound CT MR"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27727","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided-electromyography in plegic muscle: usefulness of nerve stimulation","volume":"67","author":"Padua","year":"2023","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4821","article-title":"Neuroimaging wisely","volume":"37","author":"Buethe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24628","article-title":"AANEM\u2019s top five choosing wisely recommendations","volume":"51","year":"2015","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.03.031","article-title":"Management of nerve gaps: autografts, allografts, nerve transfers, and end-to-side neurorrhaphy","volume":"223","author":"Ray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-020-00325-x","article-title":"Using electrodiagnostics to define injury patterns amenable to nerve transfer surgery in tetraplegia: an illustrative case report","volume":"6","author":"Hill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Ser Cases"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/00131402-200103000-00002","article-title":"Validation of an electromyography and nerve conduction study protocol for the analysis of brachial plexus lesions in 184 consecutive patients with traumatic lesions","volume":"2","author":"Vredeveld","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-310175","article-title":"Advances in the neurological and neurosurgical management of peripheral nerve trauma","volume":"87","author":"Simon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001116","article-title":"Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries: diagnosis and management","volume":"35","author":"Barnes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007865","article-title":"Five reliable nerve transfers for the treatment of isolated upper extremity nerve injuries","volume":"147","author":"Peters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/BTH.0b013e31812714f3","article-title":"Nerve transfers in the hand and upper extremity surgery","volume":"12","author":"Mackinnon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1343986","article-title":"Relationships between the posterior interosseous nerve and the supinator muscle: application to peripheral nerve compression syndromes and nerve transfer procedures","volume":"74","author":"Tubbs","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2013.09.042","article-title":"Preoperative donor nerve electromyography as a predictor of nerve transfer outcomes","volume":"39","author":"Schreiber","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1142\/S2424835522500953","article-title":"Distal nerve transfer to restore wrist and finger extension - a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Garg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Asian Pac"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2021.07.001","article-title":"Outcomes of tibial nerve repair and transfer: a structured evidence-based systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Garg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2022-003565","article-title":"A systematic review of nerve grafting, end-to-end repair, and nerve transfer for obturator nerve injuries","author":"Garg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003749","article-title":"Nerve transfer versus interpositional nerve graft reconstruction for posttraumatic, isolated axillary nerve injuries: a systematic review","volume":"140","author":"Koshy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-019-01100-9","article-title":"Recovery of shoulder abduction in traumatic brachial plexus palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of nerve transfer versus nerve graft","volume":"43","author":"Hardcastle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.03.013","article-title":"The use of nerve transfers to restore upper extremity function in cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Fox","year":"2018","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000006399","article-title":"Refining indications for the supercharge end-to-side anterior interosseous to ulnar motor nerve transfer in cubital tunnel syndrome","volume":"145","author":"Power","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.07.022","article-title":"Supercharged end-to-side anterior interosseous to ulnar motor nerve transfer for intrinsic musculature reinnervation","volume":"37","author":"Barbour","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000898","article-title":"Side-to-side nerve bridges support donor axon regeneration into chronically denervated nerves and are associated with characteristic changes in Schwann cell phenotype","volume":"77","author":"Hendry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79746","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079746","article-title":"Functional recovery of denervated skeletal muscle with sensory or mixed nerve protection: a pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.12.JNS171570","article-title":"Testing the effectiveness and the contribution of experimental supercharge (reversed) end-to-side nerve transfer","volume":"130","author":"Nadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.12.020","article-title":"Supercharge nerve transfer to enhance motor recovery: a laboratory study","volume":"38","author":"Farber","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.06.029","article-title":"Reverse end-to-side nerve transfer: from animal model to clinical use","volume":"36","author":"Kale","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.2.JNS203508","article-title":"Ulnar nerve decompression and transposition with versus without supercharged end-to-side motor nerve transfer for advanced cubital tunnel syndrome: a randomized comparison study","volume":"136","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810919","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.810919","article-title":"Denervation-related neuromuscular junction changes: from degeneration to regeneration","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0247","article-title":"Optimizing the timing of peripheral nerve transfers for functional re-animation in cervical spinal cord injury: a conceptual framework","volume":"38","author":"Castanov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3876","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-05-03876.1995","article-title":"Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged axotomy","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3886","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-05-03886.1995","article-title":"Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged denervation","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200507084024","article-title":"Recent findings on the effects of pharmacological agents on the nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"18","author":"Bolandghamat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.24800","article-title":"Functional motor recovery is improved due to local placement of GDNF microspheres after delayed nerve repair","volume":"110","author":"Wood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/09537104.2020.1869717","article-title":"Platelet rich plasma in orthopedic surgical medicine","volume":"32","author":"Everts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.10.193","article-title":"Effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma injections for nonsurgical management of carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"101","author":"Catapano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.05.058","article-title":"Local delivery of FK506 to injured peripheral nerve enhances axon regeneration after surgical nerve repair in rats","volume":"96","author":"Tajdaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113680","article-title":"Local FK506 drug delivery enhances nerve regeneration through fresh, unprocessed peripheral nerve allografts","volume":"341","author":"Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12121856","article-title":"The effect of electrical stimulation on nerve regeneration following peripheral nerve injury","volume":"12","author":"Juckett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000003463","article-title":"Transcutaneous and direct electrical stimulation of mouse sciatic nerve accelerates functional recovery after nerve transection and immediate repair","volume":"90","author":"Pion","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.09.020","article-title":"Brief post-surgical electrical stimulation accelerates axon regeneration and muscle reinnervation without affecting the functional measures in carpal tunnel syndrome patients","volume":"223","author":"Gordon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz322","article-title":"Postsurgical electrical stimulation enhances recovery following surgery for severe cubital tunnel syndrome: a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"86","author":"Power","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24397","article-title":"Electrical stimulation enhances sensory recovery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320905801","article-title":"Conditioning electrical stimulation is superior to postoperative electrical stimulation in enhanced regeneration and functional recovery following nerve graft repair","volume":"34","author":"Senger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25796","article-title":"Conditioning electrical stimulation accelerates regeneration in nerve transfers","volume":"88","author":"Senger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2011.05.002","article-title":"Sensory relearning in peripheral nerve disorders of the hand: a web-based survey and Delphi consensus method","volume":"24","author":"Jerosch-Herold","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7401205030p1","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2020.036665","article-title":"Cortical plasticity in rehabilitation for upper extremity peripheral nerve injury: a scoping review","volume":"74","author":"Zink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058738419838383","DOI":"10.1177\/2058738419838383","article-title":"The neuropathic pain: an overview of the current treatment and future therapeutic approaches","volume":"33","author":"Cavalli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-44637","article-title":"Tensile strength of healing peripheral nerves","volume":"19","author":"Temple","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1544172","article-title":"Rehabilitation of the upper extremity following nerve and tendon reconstruction: when and how","volume":"29","author":"Novak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4103\/jmsr.jmsr_79_18","article-title":"The stages of rehabilitation following motor nerve transfer surgery","volume":"3","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Surg Res"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00906","article-title":"Rehabilitation of upper extremity nerve injuries using surface EMG biofeedback: protocols for clinical application","volume":"12","author":"Sturma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/59840","article-title":"Structured motor rehabilitation after selective nerve transfers","author":"Sturma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000249112.56935.32","article-title":"Graded motor imagery for pathologic pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Moseley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2020.03.021","article-title":"Postoperative management and rehabilitation after the supercharged end-to-side anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar motor nerve transfer: a report of 3 cases","volume":"34","author":"Tsang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2021.11.048","article-title":"Greater cortical activation and motor recovery following mirror therapy immediately after peripheral nerve repair of the forearm","volume":"481","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.08.008","article-title":"Remodeling of motor units after nerve regeneration studied by quantitative electromyography","volume":"127","author":"Krarup","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.02.008","article-title":"Semi-quantitative electromyography as a predictor of nerve transfer outcome","volume":"130","author":"Mandeville","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-60","article-title":"Biofeedback in rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"Giggins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1996.0058","article-title":"Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors","volume":"263","author":"Ramachandran","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.3.317","article-title":"Phantom limbs and neural plasticity","volume":"57","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/02844310510006187","article-title":"Training with a mirror in rehabilitation of the hand","volume":"39","author":"Ros\u00e9n","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsl022","article-title":"The human mirror neuron system: a link between action observation and social skills","volume":"2","author":"Oberman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2020.04.011","article-title":"The effect of mirror therapy after carpal tunnel syndrome surgery: a randomised controlled study","volume":"39","author":"Civi Karaaslan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hand Surg Rehabil"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1642068","article-title":"The use of dynamic assist orthosis for muscle reeducation following brachial plexus injury and reconstruction","volume":"10","author":"Chinchalkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hand Microsurg"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319826053","article-title":"Electromyogram-related neuromuscular electrical stimulation for restoring wrist and hand movement in poststroke hemiplegia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Monte-Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-169578","article-title":"Effects of biofeedback versus switch-triggered functional electrical stimulation on sciatica-related foot drop","volume":"31","author":"Sardaru","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.4081\/ejtm.2014.3296","article-title":"Home-based functional electrical stimulation for long-term denervated human muscle: history, basics, results and perspectives of the Vienna rehabilitation strategy","volume":"24","author":"Kern","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Transl Myol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1435-3_27","article-title":"To reverse atrophy of human muscles in complete SCI lower motor neuron denervation by home-based functional electrical stimulation","volume":"1088","author":"Kern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23726","article-title":"Electrical muscle stimulation after immediate nerve repair reduces muscle atrophy without affecting reinnervation","volume":"48","author":"Willand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315604399","article-title":"Electrical stimulation to promote peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"30","author":"Willand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0046-0","article-title":"Optimizing stimulation parameters in functional electrical stimulation of denervated muscles: a cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Pieber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.32590","article-title":"Low-frequency electrical stimulation of denervated skeletal muscle retards muscle and trabecular bone loss in aged rats","volume":"16","author":"Tamaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13005","article-title":"Strategies to promote peripheral nerve regeneration: electrical stimulation and\/or exercise","volume":"43","author":"Gordon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278298","article-title":"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation-promoted plasticity of the human brain","volume":"599","author":"Carson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20060331","article-title":"Motor imagery in physical therapist practice","volume":"87","author":"Dickstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27376","article-title":"Role of electrodiagnosis in nerve transfers for focal neuropathies and brachial plexopathies","volume":"65","author":"Robinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24709","article-title":"How electrodiagnosis predicts clinical outcome of focal peripheral nerve lesions","volume":"52","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27777","article-title":"Electrosonomyography: avoiding the scalpel in traumatic nerve injury?","volume":"67","author":"Simon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fresc.2023.1267433\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T04:58:01Z","timestamp":1700456281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fresc.2023.1267433\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"references-count":113,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fresc.2023.1267433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fresc.2023.1267433","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-6861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"article-number":"1267433"}}