{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T22:16:47Z","timestamp":1793657807906,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Rehabil. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the time-course from first cochlear implantation to non-use, to characterise non-users' receptive and expressive communication, and document known risk factors for inconsistent use, for congenitally deaf non-users of cochlear implants implanted as children at least ten years ago.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective service evaluation. All congenitally deaf patients who received a first cochlear implant as children at least ten years ago at a regional service, and were currently non-users, were identified. They were characterised in terms of ages at implantation and non-use, known risk factors for inconsistent CI use or CI non-use, and outcome measures were the Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (MAIS) and Meaningful Use of Speech Scale (MUSS) scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventeen patients met the inclusion criteria. They were implanted from 1990 to 2006. Median age at implantation was 4 years (range: 2\u201311), median age at non-use was 17 years (range: 9\u201331), and median duration of use was 8.5 years (range: 4\u201325). All used sign or gesture as their primary expressive and receptive communication modes. In addition, each child had at least one other known risk factor for inconsistent CI use. At 3 years post-implantation, mean Parent-rated MAIS scores were 76.5% (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200914), and mean MUSS scores were 43.1% (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20099).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cohort included cases where CI use was rejected following longer periods of time than previously reported, highlighting a need for long-term support, particularly around the ages of life transitions. Studies conducted when the earliest cohort of paediatric CI users were younger, and studies reliant on parent or patient reports, may under-estimate long-term non-use rates. No non-users were identified among congenitally-deaf children implanted 10\u201315 years ago. Further research is warranted to explore relationships between risk factors, including communication mode, and non-use to inform expectation setting and candidacy selection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2023.1283109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T18:32:33Z","timestamp":1701455553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Time course from cochlear implant surgery to non-use for congenitally deaf recipients implanted as children over ten years 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