{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:08:04Z","timestamp":1779084484536,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Rehabil. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression is a major contributor to disability, yet clinical assessment and research have primarily focused on symptom severity. This study aims to examine associations between self-reported depression and functioning across the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), while accounting for environmental and personal factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study analyzed self-reported data from the 2021 Danish \u201cHow are you?\u201d survey. Guided by the ICF framework, associations between self-reported depression and functioning were analyzed using logistic regression in a stratified random sample of 48,936 adults aged 25 years and older.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 28,101 respondents included, 3,060 (13%) reported symptoms indicative of depression. Across all ICF components, individuals with self-reported depression reported substantially more disability than those without depression. After adjustment for personal and environmental factors, depression (reference: no depression) remained strongly associated with impairments in body functions and structures, including poor sleep quality (OR 2.94, 95% CI 2.44\u20133.54), atypical sleep duration (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.18\u20131.37), perceived stress (OR 9.75, 95% CI 8.12\u201311.72), life strain (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.67\u20132.33), and loneliness (OR 2.93, 95% CI 2.43\u20133.52). Depression was also associated with activity limitations and participation restrictions, including requiring assistance with activities of daily living (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.10\u20131.74), difficulty engaging with healthcare providers (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.44\u20132.32), non-engagement in work or education (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.10\u20131.79), and lack of community involvement (1.19, 95% CI 1.03\u20131.39).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self-reported depression was associated with widespread disability across psychological, social, and physical domains, underscoring its relevance as a condition with substantial disability. The findings support the utility of ICF for systematically capturing the multidimensional impact of depression at the population level, informing comprehensive assessment and rehabilitation-practice and research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2026.1793735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:44:33Z","timestamp":1779083073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between self-reported depression and functioning across ICF domains: a Danish population-based study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Pernille","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DEFACTUM, Central Denmark Region","place":["Aarhus, Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Aarhus University","place":["Aarhus, 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