{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:42:55Z","timestamp":1789566175720,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Rehabil. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) is widely regarded as the preferred approach to bladder management for individuals with neurogenic bladder (NB). Nevertheless, a considerable gap persists between evidence and clinical practice: patients and caregivers frequently encounter self-management barriers that compromise clinical outcomes during CIC. This qualitative study explores these barriers to provide an empirical foundation for developing tailored strategies that improve quality of care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A descriptive qualitative study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From August to October 2025, a convenience sampling method was employed to recruit 16 participants individuals with NB or their long-term caregivers from the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine at Zhangzhou Affliated Hospital of FuJian Medical University, FuJian Province. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted, and thematic analysis was employed for data analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three themes and eight sub-themes were generated in this study: (1) Cognitive deficits and information dilemmas: barriers to health information delivery, a lack of personalized guidance, and cognitive biases and memory lapses; (2) Challenges in behavioral transformation: insufficient perception of risks and benefits and weakened self-management behaviors; (3) Need for an optimized health support system: greater access to psychological counseling, development of authoritative digital health education resources, and an integrated hospital-community management model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study reveals the interconnected cognitive, behavioral, and psychosocial challenges that individuals with NB and their caregivers face in practicing CIC. Our findings underscore a critical need for interventions that address these specific implementation barriers. Future initiatives should focus on developing multidimensional, patient-empowering strategies that integrate personalized digital health education, ultimately to improve the quality and sustainability of CIC self-management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study elucidates the complex practical and psychosocial challenges encountered by individuals with NB and their caregivers during CIC. Based on these findings, we propose a multi-pronged framework for improvement, targeting cognitive, behavioral, and systemic dimensions of care. This research lays a critical foundation for designing targeted, empowerment-based interventions and offers a comprehensive, system-level roadmap to bridge the persistent evidence-practice gap in CIC self-management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Reporting method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The research adheres to Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2026.1800715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T05:39:51Z","timestamp":1775021991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Self-management challenges and psychosocial support needs in clean intermittent catheterization: a qualitative study of individuals with neurogenic bladder and 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