{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T07:05:18Z","timestamp":1784099118626,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Rehabil. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Upper limb amputation is among the most functionally disabling conditions, affecting an estimated 1.6 million people in the United States, with prevalence projected to double by 2050. Despite decades of technological progress, device abandonment rates remain persistently high, up to 45% for body-powered and 35% for myoelectric prostheses in the paediatric population, due to inadequate functionality, poor sensory feedback, discomfort, and social stigma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review aims to provide a structured and up-to-date synthesis of upper limb prosthetic technologies, with a focus on hand, wrist, and elbow devices, analysing their structural characteristics, control mechanisms, clinical evidence on functional outcomes, and user satisfaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A structured literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, combining terms related to upper limb amputation and prosthetic devices. A primary corpus of peer-reviewed articles was selected to cover the full spectrum of upper limb prosthetics, from foundational biomechanics to advanced bionic and neural interface systems; a narrative approach was adopted to accommodate the heterogeneity of available study designs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across all device categories, no single prosthetic solution proved universally superior. Each category presents distinct functional, biomechanical, and psychosocial trade-offs, with prescription choices driven by amputation level, residual musculature, user priorities, and activity demands. Two limitations recur across every category. The first is the instability of surface EMG signals, which constrains reliable myoelectric control; the second is the absence of effective sensory feedback, which raises cognitive load and contributes to abandonment. Bridging the gap between laboratory performance and real-world usability, through more robust control algorithms, meaningful sensory restoration, and a shift toward user-centred, outcomes-driven development, remains the central challenge for the future of upper limb prosthetics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2026.1845424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T06:10:50Z","timestamp":1784095850000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Upper limb prostheses: a narrative review of hand, wrist, and elbow devices"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Alessio","family":"Fricano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattia Giuseppe","family":"Viva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento","place":["Lecce, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Vetrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Paoloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Giannicola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Agostini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Galeoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sveva Maria","family":"Nusca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francescaroberta","family":"Panuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Gennarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Physics, University of Udine","place":["Udine, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Murgia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Unit, Order of Malta, San Giovanni Battista Hospital","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Mangone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2147\/ORR.S71468","article-title":"New developments in prosthetic arm systems","volume":"8","author":"Vujaklija","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop Res Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.11.005","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of limb loss in the United States: 2005 to 2050","volume":"89","author":"Ziegler-Graham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.250106","article-title":"Global overview of acquired upper limb amputation epidemiology: a systematic review of prevalence, incidence, level, and etiology","volume":"49","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258853","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1258853","article-title":"The global burden of traumatic amputation in 204 countries and territories","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0213578","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213578","article-title":"A national study of veterans with major upper limb amputation: survey methods, participants, and summary findings","volume":"14","author":"Resnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640600994581","article-title":"Upper limb prosthesis use and abandonment: a survey of the last 25 years","volume":"31","author":"Biddiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-87462-3","volume-title":"Amputation, Prosthesis use, and Phantom Limb Pain","author":"Murray","year":"2010"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3109\/03093647809146290","article-title":"Prostheses for partial hand amputations","volume":"2","author":"Bender","year":"1978","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2019.1594403","article-title":"A narrative review: current upper limb prosthetic options and design","volume":"15","author":"Trent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2880948","article-title":"Restoring natural forearm rotation in transradial osseointegrated amputees","volume":"26","author":"Boni","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-14-00302","article-title":"Functional and clinical outcomes of upper extremity amputation","volume":"23","author":"Fitzgibbons","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1544166","article-title":"Targeted muscle reinnervation and advanced prosthetic arms","volume":"29","author":"Cheesborough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82567","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.82567","article-title":"Investigating the feasibility and safety of osseointegration with neural interfaces for advanced prosthetic control","volume":"17","author":"Leung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2017.2781719","article-title":"Synergistic elbow control for a myoelectric transhumeral prosthesis","volume":"26","author":"Alshammary","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.06.025","article-title":"Learning to control opening and closing a myoelectric hand","volume":"91","author":"Bouwsema","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0277917","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277917","article-title":"Kinematic analysis of impairments and compensatory motor behavior during prosthetic grasping in below-elbow amputees","volume":"17","author":"Touillet","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00209","article-title":"Literature review on needs of upper limb prosthesis users","volume":"10","author":"Cordella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3467(07)60142-6","article-title":"Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade","volume":"5","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA\u2014a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Integr Peer Rev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364617691622","article-title":"Passive prosthetic hands and tools: a literature review","volume":"42","author":"Maat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2205","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000002205","article-title":"Cross-sectional international multicenter study on quality of life and reasons for abandonment of upper limb prostheses","volume":"7","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67101","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067101","article-title":"Opinions of youngsters with congenital below-elbow deficiency, and those of their parents and professionals concerning prosthetic use and rehabilitation treatment","volume":"8","author":"Vasluian","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2012.12.0223","article-title":"Design and evaluation of two different finger concepts for body-powered prosthetic hand","volume":"50","author":"Smit","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2014.03.0087","article-title":"Design and evaluation of voluntary opening and voluntary closing prosthetic terminal device","volume":"52","author":"Sensinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2014.08.0192","article-title":"Differences in myoelectric and body-powered upper-limb prostheses: systematic literature review","volume":"52","author":"Carey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-016-0197-7","article-title":"Learning to use a body-powered prosthesis: changes in functionality and kinematics","volume":"13","author":"Huinink","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3163149","article-title":"Myoelectric control performance of two degree of freedom hand-wrist prosthesis by able-bodied and limb-absent subjects","volume":"30","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2147\/MDER.S91102","article-title":"Myoelectric control of prosthetic hands: state-of-the-art review","volume":"9","author":"Geethanjali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Devices (Auckl)"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1682\/jrrd.2010.03.0028","article-title":"Comparison of electromyography and force as interfaces for prosthetic control","volume":"48","author":"Corbett","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1615\/critrevbiomedeng.2013007887","article-title":"Design, control, and sensory feedback of externally powered hand prostheses: a literature review","volume":"41","author":"Cloutier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1682\/jrrd.2011.10.0188","article-title":"Mechanical design and performance specifications of anthropomorphic prosthetic hands: a review","volume":"50","author":"Belter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0220899","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220899","article-title":"Users\u2019 and therapists\u2019 perceptions of myoelectric multi-function upper limb prostheses with conventional and pattern recognition control","volume":"14","author":"Franzke","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01131-w","article-title":"The multi-grip and standard myoelectric hand prosthesis compared: does the multi-grip hand live up to its promise?","volume":"20","author":"Kerver","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jrm00245","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v53.807","article-title":"Effect of multi-grip myoelectric prosthetic hands on daily activities, pain-related disability and prosthesis use compared with single-grip myoelectric prostheses: a single-case study","volume":"54","author":"Widehammar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2016.1253117","article-title":"3D-printed upper limb prostheses: a review","volume":"12","author":"Ten Kate","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/PXR.0000000000000057","article-title":"3D-printed prostheses in developing countries: a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Abbady","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16100370","article-title":"The current state of 3D-printed prostheses clinical outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Atallah","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Funct Biomater"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2018.1494568","article-title":"3D printed upper limb prosthetics","volume":"15","author":"Vujaklija","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7001350010p1","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2016.015487","article-title":"Range of motion requirements for upper-limb activities of daily living","volume":"70","author":"Gates","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2012.704654","article-title":"Kinematic comparison of the wrist movements that are possible with a biomechatronics wrist prosthesis and a body-powered prosthesis: a preliminary study","volume":"8","author":"Razak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24911","article-title":"Design of a modular and compliant wrist module for upper limb prosthetics","volume":"306","author":"Demofonti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01259-9","article-title":"Restoring natural upper limb movement through a wrist prosthetic module for partial hand amputees","volume":"20","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364611426905","article-title":"The influence of passive wrist joints on the functionality of prosthetic hands","volume":"36","author":"Kyberd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-016-0130-0","article-title":"Flexible and static wrist units in upper limb prosthesis users: functionality scores, user satisfaction and compensatory movements","volume":"13","author":"Deijs","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2017.8009412","article-title":"A passive wrist with switchable stiffness for a body-powered hydraulically actuated hand prosthesis","volume":"2017","author":"Montagnani","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1682\/jrrd.2010.07.0137","article-title":"Two-degree-of-freedom powered prosthetic wrist","volume":"48","author":"Kyberd","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2017.2682642","article-title":"IMU-based wrist rotation control of a transradial myoelectric prosthesis","volume":"26","author":"Bennett","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3182a51fc2","article-title":"Satisfaction and problems experienced with wrist movements: comparison between a common body-powered prosthesis and a new biomechatronics prosthesis","volume":"93","author":"Abd Razak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-13-134","article-title":"Biomechanics principle of elbow joint for transhumeral prostheses: comparison of normal hand, body-powered, myoelectric & air splint prostheses","volume":"13","author":"Abd Razak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2025.2609129","article-title":"Development of a 3D-printed transhumeral prosthesis for assistive technology applications","author":"Ludovino","year":"2026","journal-title":"Assist Technol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.7205\/milmed-d-10-00053","article-title":"Minimally invasive shortening humeral osteotomy to salvage a through-elbow amputation","volume":"175","author":"Beltran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00164","article-title":"Phantom-mobility-based prosthesis control in transhumeral amputees without surgical reinnervation: a preliminary study","volume":"6","author":"Jarrass\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2018.00001","article-title":"Can we achieve intuitive prosthetic elbow control based on healthy upper limb motor strategies?","volume":"12","author":"Merad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurorobot"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2019.07.008","article-title":"Pedicled serratus anterior flap as an alternative muscle target for targeted muscle reinnervation in transhumeral amputees","volume":"44","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabq3665","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abq3665","article-title":"Improved control of a prosthetic limb by surgically creating electro-neuromuscular constructs with implanted electrodes","volume":"15","author":"Zbinden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12070765","article-title":"Optimal sites for upper extremity amputation: comparison between surgeons and prosthetists","volume":"12","author":"Apag\u00fce\u00f1o","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioengineering (Basel)"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2021.105311","article-title":"Differences in quality of movements made with body-powered and myoelectric prostheses during activities of daily living","volume":"84","author":"Engdahl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036021","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad349c","article-title":"Intuitive control of additional prosthetic joints via electro-neuromuscular constructs improves functional and disability outcomes during home use\u2014a case study","volume":"21","author":"Zbinden","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73855-1","article-title":"Electromyographically controlled prosthetic wrist improves dexterity and reduces compensatory movements without added cognitive load","volume":"14","author":"Olsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(93)90033-7","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of four men using above-elbow prosthetic control","volume":"74","author":"Popat","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2022.3202250","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of body movements of myoelectric prosthesis users during standardized clinical tests","volume":"70","author":"Vujaklija","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2563222","article-title":"Classification of phantom finger, hand, wrist, and elbow voluntary gestures in transhumeral amputees with sEMG","volume":"25","author":"Jarrasse","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8030328","article-title":"A review of myoelectric control for prosthetic hand manipulation","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomimetics (Basel)"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8512698","article-title":"Upper limb prosthesis control: a hybrid EEG-EMG scheme for motion estimation in transhumeral subjects","volume":"2018","author":"Bakshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-016-0212-z","article-title":"A motion-classification strategy based on sEMG-EEG signal combination for upper-limb amputees","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01436-4","article-title":"Perspectives on the comparative benefits of body-powered and myoelectric upper limb prostheses","volume":"21","author":"Engdahl","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01242-4","article-title":"Integration of proprioception in upper limb prostheses through non-invasive strategies: a review","volume":"20","author":"Papaleo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1866684","article-title":"Current rates of prosthetic usage in upper-limb amputees \u2013 have innovations had an impact on device acceptance?","volume":"44","author":"Salminger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2011.635405","article-title":"Prosthesis rejection in acquired major upper-limb amputees: a population-based survey","volume":"7","author":"\u00d8stlie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3390\/prosthesis7060167","article-title":"The technological and psychological aspects of upper limb prostheses abandonment: a narrative review","volume":"7","author":"Collu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prosthesis"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181587f6c","article-title":"Upper-limb prosthetics: critical factors in device abandonment","volume":"86","author":"Biddiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12972","article-title":"Targeted muscle reinnervation and regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces for pain prophylaxis and treatment: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Mauch","year":"2023","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S572","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000004273","article-title":"Targeted muscle reinnervation and regenerative peripheral nerve interface for myoelectric prosthesis control: the state of evidence","volume":"94","author":"Savitz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2021.09.068","article-title":"A consecutive series of targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) cases for relief of neuroma and phantom limb pain: UK perspective","volume":"75","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"026020","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abe20d","article-title":"Extended home use of an advanced osseointegrated prosthetic arm improves function, performance, and control efficiency","volume":"18","author":"Osborn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568212","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1568212","article-title":"Comparing implantable epimysial and intramuscular electrodes for prosthetic control","volume":"19","author":"Earley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2020.00039","article-title":"Neuromusculoskeletal arm prostheses: personal and social implications of living with an intimately integrated bionic arm","volume":"14","author":"Middleton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurorobot"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2020.1854357","article-title":"Brain-machine and muscle-machine bio-sensing methods for gesture intent acquisition in upper-limb prosthesis control: a review","volume":"45","author":"Nsugbe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Eng Technol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2014.981876","article-title":"Comparison of transhumeral socket designs utilizing patient assessment and in vivo skeletal and socket motion tracking: a case study","volume":"11","author":"Resnik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364619836353","article-title":"Fabrication and application of an adjustable myoelectric transhumeral prosthetic socket","volume":"43","author":"Schofield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.12.032","article-title":"Minimal clinically important differences of 3 patient-rated outcomes instruments","volume":"38","author":"Sorensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599274","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.599274","article-title":"Comparison of dexterous task performance in virtual reality and real-world environments","volume":"2","author":"Joyner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fresc.2026.1845424\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T06:10:52Z","timestamp":1784095852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fresc.2026.1845424\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fresc.2026.1845424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fresc.2026.1845424","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-6861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"article-number":"1845424"}}