{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:25:58Z","timestamp":1777890358966,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30DA029926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DA029926"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23DA059638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DA059638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R61DA062103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R61DA062103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3DA050251-03S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3DA050251-03S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Health Serv."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early identification of adolescents at risk for substance use is critical for timely intervention. However, standard screening tools like CRAFFT (Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Family and Friends, Trouble) and S2BI (Screening to Brief Intervention) face significant barriers, including adolescent disclosure reluctance, limited clinic privacy, and administrative challenges with paper-based forms. Digital games offer a promising alternative by generating behavioral data that may serve as digital biomarkers of substance use risk through engaging, low-burden gameplay. The objective of this proof-of-concept study was to explore the utility of game log data collected during gameplay to predict substance use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed game log data from 160 adolescents aged 11\u201314 years who played an HIV prevention game targeting high-risk behaviors including substance use, drawn from a larger randomized controlled trial (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009333) conducted in schools. We extracted 240 gameplay-derived behavioral metrics reflecting executive function, decision-making, and inhibitory control\u2014cognitive domains affected by substance use. Machine learning models (Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression, Gradient Boosting, Neural Networks, Decision Tree, Random Forest) were trained to predict lifetime substance use and drug-refusal self-efficacy. A validation study with 36 newly recruited high school students tested associations with standardized measures of emotion regulation, impulsivity, and cognitive performance. Model performance was assessed using discrimination (e.g., AUC) and clinical utility (e.g., sensitivity) metrics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Predictive accuracy across all models was insufficient for clinical translation. For drug use prediction, AUC (SD) ranged from 0.458 (0.11) to 0.593 (0.07) (mean AUC &amp;lt;0.6 across all models), sensitivity ranged from 0 to 0.265 (0.18), and F-1 scores ranged from 0.398 (0.0) to 0.482 (0.08). For drug-refusal self-efficacy prediction, AUC ranged from 0.425 (0.10) to 0.592 (0.09), sensitivity ranged from 0.386 (0.14) to 0.785 (0.19), and F-1 scores ranged from 0.431 (0.06) to 0.598 (0.07). No model achieved the minimum threshold (AUC \u22650.7) suggested for clinical utility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study elucidates the challenges associated with extracting behavioral markers from naturalistic digital environments. We discuss the potential of game-based digital biomarkers as scalable, low-burden tools for screening and monitoring, and the limitations of our study that can inform future studies seeking to understand the feasibility of using in-game data as digital biomarkers of substance use risk in adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frhs.2026.1781703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:36:07Z","timestamp":1777613767000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Using games to identify adolescents at risk for substance misuse\u2014a proof-of-concept study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kammarauche","family":"Aneni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, CT, United States"]},{"name":"Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, CT, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center","place":["Yorktown Heights, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, CT, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Mavromichali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, CT, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Scaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, CT, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaoqianxue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, CT, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youngsun T.","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, CT, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Fiellin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, CT, United States"]},{"name":"Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine","place":["Hanover, NH, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","author":"Johnston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975\u20132019: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975\u20132024: Overview and Key Findings for Secondary School Students. Monitoring the Future Monograph Series","author":"Miech","year":"2024"},{"key":"B3","year":""},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02590-4","article-title":"Consequences of adolescent drug use","volume":"13","author":"Steinfeld","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2024.10.018","article-title":"Electronic adolescent substance use screening: focus on implementation is needed","volume":"68","author":"Yule","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.12.007","article-title":"The \u201csix t\u2019s\u201d: barriers to screening teens for substance abuse in primary care","volume":"40","author":"Van Hook","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)82844-6","article-title":"Computer-assisted detection and intervention in adolescent high-risk health behaviors","volume":"116","author":"Paperny","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-3588.2007.00474.x","article-title":"Adolescent satisfaction with computer-assisted behavioural risk screening in primary care","volume":"13","author":"Chisolm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Ment Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46990","DOI":"10.2196\/46990","article-title":"Identifying game-based digital biomarkers of cognitive risk for adolescent substance misuse: protocol for a proof-of-concept study","volume":"12","author":"Aneni","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-020-00276-4","article-title":"A chart review of substance use screening and related documentation among adolescents in outpatient pediatric clinics: implications for practice","volume":"15","author":"Kuhns","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"352 p","volume-title":"Serious Games: Games That Educate, Train, and Inform","author":"Michael","year":"2011"},{"key":"B12","author":"Sidoti","year":"2024"},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Video Games Today","author":"Sidoti","year":"2024"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5365.867","article-title":"Adolescent sexual behavior, drug use, and violence: increased reporting with computer survey technology","volume":"280","author":"Turner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44502","DOI":"10.2196\/44502","article-title":"Digital phenotyping: data-driven psychiatry to redefine mental health","volume":"25","author":"Oudin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.7","article-title":"Harnessing smartphone-based digital phenotyping to enhance behavioral and mental health","volume":"41","author":"Onnela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12993-020-0165-z","article-title":"Commercial video games and cognitive functions: video game genres and modulating factors of cognitive enhancement","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-020-00341-9","article-title":"Risks versus consequences of adolescent and young adult substance use: a focus on executive control","volume":"7","author":"Luciana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0335","article-title":"Association of Cannabis with cognitive functioning in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022350","article-title":"Changes in neuropsychological functioning over 10 years following adolescent substance abuse treatment","volume":"25","author":"Hanson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12052","article-title":"Adolescent inhalant use and executive cognitive functioning","volume":"40","author":"Scott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045-023-00291-8","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in adolescents with substance use disorder","volume":"30","author":"Abdulaal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Middle East Curr Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2023.02.002","article-title":"Evaluating the validity of game-based assessments measuring cognitive function among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"279","author":"Aneni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39086","DOI":"10.2196\/39086","article-title":"Serious games supporting the prevention and treatment of alcohol and drug consumption in youth: scoping review","volume":"10","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Miranda","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46912","DOI":"10.2196\/46912","article-title":"A video game intervention to prevent opioid misuse among older adolescents: development and preimplementation study","volume":"11","author":"Aneni","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/children11121554","article-title":"Game-Based digital interventions for enhancing positive development and addressing substance use in adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e314","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.8148","article-title":"Video game intervention for sexual risk reduction in minority adolescents: randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Fiellin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774516637871","article-title":"The design and implementation of a randomized controlled trial of a risk reduction and human immunodeficiency virus prevention videogame intervention in minority adolescents: PlayForward: Elm City Stories","volume":"13","author":"Fiellin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Trials"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e245","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.4377","article-title":"Using videogame apps to assess gains in Adolescents\u2019 substance use knowledge: new opportunities for evaluating intervention exposure and content mastery","volume":"17","author":"Montanaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B30","year":"2022"},{"key":"B31","year":"2022"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.5993\/ajhb.33.2.4","article-title":"Development of a drug use resistance self-efficacy (DURSE) scale","volume":"33","author":"Carpenter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav"},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2021"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1162\/153244303322753616","article-title":"An introduction to variable and feature selection","volume":"3","author":"Guyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1201.0490","article-title":"Scikit-learn: machine learning in python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"B36","year":""},{"key":"B37","author":"Aneni","year":""},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-39940-9_565","article-title":"Cross-validation","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Database Systems","author":"Refaeilzadeh","year":"2009"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108222","article-title":"Patterns of substance use among adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"216","author":"Halladay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000304","article-title":"Age of initiation and substance use progression: a multivariate latent growth analysis","volume":"31","author":"Richmond-Rakerd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.4.1096","article-title":"Psytoolkit: a software package for programming psychological experiments using linux","volume":"42","author":"Stoet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/0098628316677643","article-title":"Psytoolkit: a novel web-based method for running online questionnaires and reaction-time experiments","volume":"44","author":"Stoet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Teach Psychol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2020.1803180","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of S2BI for identifying alcohol and Cannabis use disorders among adolescents presenting for primary care","volume":"42","author":"Levy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-015-9529-3","article-title":"The difficulties in emotion regulation scale short form (DERS-SF): validation and replication in adolescent and adult samples","volume":"38","author":"Kaufman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.02.013","article-title":"Examination of a short version of the UPPS-P impulsive behavior scale","volume":"39","author":"Cyders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01544","article-title":"Normative data on the n-back task for children and young adolescents","volume":"6","author":"Pelegrina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B47","year":""},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.11.026","article-title":"Diagnostic validity of behavioural and psychometric impulsivity measures: an assessment in adolescent and adult populations","volume":"90","author":"Kulendran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"B49","year":""},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054651","article-title":"Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions","volume":"18","author":"Stroop","year":"1935","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"B51","year":""},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1931.10503208","article-title":"The test of significance for the correlation coefficient","volume":"26","author":"Pearson","year":"1931","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"B53","year":""},{"key":"B54","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 18","year":"2023"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpbup.2023.100132","article-title":"Machine learning from real data: a mental health registry case study","volume":"5","author":"Gentili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Methods Prog Biomed Update"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828X.2011.555272","article-title":"Impact of adolescent alcohol and drug use on neuropsychological functioning in young adulthood: 10-year outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Hanson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse"},{"key":"B57","first-page":"4","article-title":"Addiction and cognition","volume":"5","author":"Gould","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Pract"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145713001594","article-title":"Cognitive effects of methylphenidate in healthy volunteers: a review of single dose studies","volume":"17","author":"Linssen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657371","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.657371","article-title":"A Mini-review of relationships between Cannabis use and neural foundations of reward processing, inhibitory control and working memory","volume":"12","author":"Morie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-021-00883-0","article-title":"Executive functioning and emotion regulation in children with and without ADHD","volume":"50","author":"Groves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020147","article-title":"A systematic review of executive function and information processing speed in Major depression disorder","volume":"11","author":"Nu\u00f1o","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"73","article-title":"The Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of cognitive abilities","volume-title":"Contemporary Intellectual Assessment: Theories, Tests, and Issues","author":"Schneider","year":"2018"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2457069","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.57069","article-title":"Brain function outcomes of recent and lifetime Cannabis use","volume":"8","author":"Gowin","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270492","article-title":"Nicotine and the adolescent brain","volume":"593","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106679","article-title":"Adolescent drug use initiation and transition into other drugs: a retrospective longitudinal examination across race\/ethnicity","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14547","article-title":"Patterns and correlates of poly-substance use among U.S. Youth ages 15\u201317 years: wave 1 of the population assessment of tobacco and health (PATH) study","volume":"114","author":"Silveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.035","article-title":"Latent classes of polysubstance use among adolescents-a systematic review","volume":"160","author":"Tomczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/89382","article-title":"Psychophysiological responses in VR for assessing current nicotine use and future addiction risk among young adults: study protocol","author":"Wei","year":"2026","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7538","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58168-7","article-title":"Cigarette craving in virtual reality cue exposure in abstainers and relapsed smokers","volume":"14","author":"Schr\u00f6der","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3658","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163658","article-title":"Clinical relevance of immersive virtual reality in the assessment and treatment of addictive disorders: a systematic review and future perspective","volume":"10","author":"Langener","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.07.006","article-title":"Attentional bias and disinhibition toward gaming cues are related to problem gaming in male adolescents","volume":"50","author":"van Holst","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2021.1876847","article-title":"May I have your attention, please? Methodological and analytical flexibility in the addiction stroop","volume":"29","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict Res Theory"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Health Services"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frhs.2026.1781703\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:36:10Z","timestamp":1777613770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frhs.2026.1781703\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frhs.2026.1781703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frhs.2026.1781703","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-0146"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-0146","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"article-number":"1781703"}}