{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:06:50Z","timestamp":1777637210295,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Health Serv."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Steatotic liver disease is increasingly recognised in people living with HIV. Non-invasive fibrosis screening strategies commonly rely on the FIB-4 score, but individuals with intermediate values (1.3\u20132.67) fall into a diagnostic grey zone where additional risk stratification may be required. Identifying simple and effective approaches to guide further assessment is particularly important in routine HIV care settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analysed two independent cohorts of people living with HIV undergoing transient elastography (TE): a development cohort from London (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009229) and an external validation cohort from Madrid (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009188). Among individuals with intermediate FIB-4 scores, we evaluated the performance of established non-invasive scores, including APRI, and several machine learning models for predicting liver stiffness thresholds associated with significant fibrosis (\u22657 kPa and \u22658 kPa). Model performance was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In both cohorts, the prevalence of significant fibrosis was low. APRI demonstrated consistently high sensitivity and strong negative predictive value for identifying individuals without significant fibrosis. Machine learning models showed modest discrimination and tended to favour negative predictions, reflecting the low prevalence of fibrosis in this screening population. Across models, no machine learning approach demonstrated clear improvement over APRI in identifying individuals at risk of fibrosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In people living with HIV with intermediate FIB-4 scores, APRI may provide a simple and effective strategy to further stratify fibrosis risk in routine clinical practice. In this real-world screening population, machine learning models did not outperform established non-invasive scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frhs.2026.1807690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:04:34Z","timestamp":1777442674000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimising non-invasive screening for hepatic fibrosis in people living with HIV and intermediate FIB-4 scores"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Luis","family":"Ramos-Ruperto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Unidad de VIH, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, IdiPaz","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Unidad de VIH, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, IdiPaz","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Busca-Arenzana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Unidad de VIH, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, IdiPaz","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petru","family":"Manescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Gilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"The Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delmiro","family":"Fernandez-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Arenas-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"The Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000166","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2017-000166","article-title":"Mechanisms of liver disease in patients infected with HIV","volume":"4","author":"Kaspar","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open 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