{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:52:16Z","timestamp":1785909136332,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Health Serv."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify and critically examine the theoretical lenses applied in the literature to conceptualize performance-based and value-based payment models, and to analyze how these frameworks explain their behavioral, organizational, and system-level effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A semi-systematic review was conducted in July 2025 across Web of Science, PubMed\/MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, and CINAHL, using a structured search strategy and transparent selection procedures following PRISMA 2020 reporting principles. Eligible empirical and theoretical studies on value- or performance-based payment were extracted using the ADO (Antecedents, Decisions, Outcomes) framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies interpreted incentive effects mainly through incentive theory and principal\u2013agent models, complemented by economics, organizational and institutional theories, implementation science, and ethics. P4P was theorized as a contractual mechanism relying on extrinsic incentives, whereas VBHC was framed as an organizational and normative paradigm requiring care redesign and longitudinal outcome\u2013cost measurement. Theoretical extensions integrated incentive-based payment with chronic care models, disease management, activity-based costing, population health management, and the Quadruple Aim. Institutional and political economy lenses highlighted contextual contingency, while normative theories foregrounded ethical tensions, risks to professional autonomy, workforce well-being, and equity trade-offs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incentive-based payment reforms are not neutral technical instruments but theory-dependent and institutionally mediated interventions that require alignment with care models, governance arrangements, and ethical safeguards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/osf.io\/5kv3w\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , Open Science Framework (OSF), identifier 5kv3w.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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