{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:38:03Z","timestamp":1792089483726,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Res. Metr. Anal."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article adopts a constructivist grounded theory approach based on the principle of intersubjective relations and the co-construction of interpretations. Reflecting on the author's experiences as a tutor, supervisor, examiner, and reviewer to demystify qualitative data analysis (QDA), this article emphasizes member checking with participants to confirm the researchers' interpretations and collaboratively constructed meanings, addressing reflexivity, peer debriefing, and triangulation. QDA is framed as an iterative, dynamic process of extracting meaning from diverse data forms (field text, narrative, voice, reflective note, text, audio, and video). The procedures of data analysis and\/or writing as a process of inquiry, such as data immersion, initial impressions, codes, categories, and theme developments, are explored across methods or methodologies, including autoethnography, participatory action research (PAR), narrative inquiry, grounded theory, phenomenology, ethnography, case study, and other alternative research methods or methodologies, with data saturation as the final stepping point when no new data and\/or insights from field text, narrative, voice, reflective note, text, audio, or video are extracted. Challenges like generating an intersubjective construction of meaning with research participants and achieving data saturation are addressed through methods such as reflexivity, peer debriefing, member checking and triangulation. This article provides a practical guide for scholars on data analysis, incorporating reflections, procedures, and some points for consideration to ensure rigor and meaningful analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frma.2025.1669578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T05:28:47Z","timestamp":1759210127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Qualitative data analysis: reflections, procedures, and some points for consideration"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Niroj","family":"Dahal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.46743\/2160-3715\/2018.2994","article-title":"Data saturation: the mysterious step in grounded theory method","volume":"23","author":"Aldiabat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.15658\/rev.electron.educ.pedagog20.05040604","article-title":"Reflections on qualitative data analysis software \u2013 possibilities, limitations and challenges in qualitative educational research","volume":"4","author":"Andr\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Electr\u00f3nica En Educ. y Pedagog\u00eda"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11133-019-9413-7","article-title":"What is qualitative in qualitative research","volume":"42","author":"Aspers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qual. Sociol."},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Qualitative Analysis: Definition, Steps & Examples"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.20991\/allazimuth.477300","article-title":"Discourse analysis: strengths and shortcomings","volume":"8","author":"Aydin-D\u00fczgit","year":"2019","journal-title":"All Azimuth"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1108\/QRJ-D-18-00035","article-title":"Qualitative research: deductive and inductive approaches to data analysis","volume":"18","author":"Azungah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Res. J."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639","article-title":"Grounded cognition","volume":"59","author":"Barsalou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.028662","article-title":"Participatory action research","volume":"60","author":"Baum","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.46743\/2160-3715\/2008.1573","article-title":"Qualitative case study methodology: study design and implementation for novice researchers","volume":"13","author":"Baxter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Qual. Rep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.46743\/2160-3715\/2018.3492","article-title":"Data analysis methods for qualitative research: managing the challenges of coding, interrater reliability, and thematic analysis","volume":"23","author":"Belotto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Rep."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12605","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12605","article-title":"Utilising qualitative data for social network analysis in disaster research: opportunities, challenges, and illustration","volume":"48","author":"Benedict","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-02217-3_8","article-title":"\u201cEnsuring quality in qualitative research,\u201d","volume-title":"Qualitative HCI Research","author":"Blandford","year":"2016"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1108\/QMR-06-2016-0053","article-title":"Sample size for qualitative research","volume":"19","author":"Boddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Qual. Mark. Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.2478\/jtes-2019-0010","article-title":"Discourse analysis and language pedagogy: a review","volume":"21","author":"Bonyadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Teach. Educ. Sustain."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3316\/QRJ0902027","article-title":"Document analysis as a qualitative research method","volume":"9","author":"Bowen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Qual. Res. J."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/26895269.2022.2129597","article-title":"Toward good practice in thematic analysis: avoiding common problems and be(com)ing a knowing researcher","volume":"24","author":"Braun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Transgend. Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2092(06)61841-3","article-title":"Grounded theory as a qualitative research methodology","volume":"73","author":"Byrne","year":"2001","journal-title":"AORN J."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2018.03.019","article-title":"Thematic analysis of qualitative research data: is it as easy as it sounds?","volume":"10","author":"Castleberry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Teach. Learn."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"397","article-title":"\u201cConstructionism and the grounded theory method,\u201d","volume-title":"Handbook of Constructionist Research","author":"Charmaz","year":"2008"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"127","article-title":"\u201cShifting the grounds,\u201d","volume-title":"Developing Grounded Theory: The Second Generation","author":"Charmaz","year":"2009"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/14780887.2020.1780357","article-title":"The pursuit of quality in grounded theory","volume":"18","author":"Charmaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6187","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2253861","article-title":"The impact of generative AI (GenAI) on practices, policies and research direction in education: a case of ChatGPT and Midjourney","volume":"32","author":"Chiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050312118822927","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312118822927","article-title":"Grounded theory research: a design framework for novice researchers","volume":"7","author":"Chun Tie","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X019005002","article-title":"Stories of experience and narrative inquiry","volume":"19","author":"Connelly","year":"1990","journal-title":"Educ. Res."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"477","article-title":"\u201cNarrative inquiry,\u201d","volume-title":"Handbook of Complementary Methods in Education Research","author":"Connelly","year":"2012"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00988593","article-title":"Grounded theory research: procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria","volume":"13","author":"Corbin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Qual. Sociol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-023-00214-1","article-title":"Participatory action research","volume":"3","author":"Cornish","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.34068\/joe.57.06.01","article-title":"Narrative analysis research: a tool for extension educators","volume":"57","author":"Cowger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ext."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.46743\/2160-3715\/2023.6097","article-title":"Ensuring quality in qualitative research: a researcher's reflections","volume":"28","author":"Dahal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Qual. Rep."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.46743\/2160-3715\/2024.6637","article-title":"How can generative AI (GenAI) enhance or hinder qualitative studies? A critical appraisal from South Asia, Nepal","volume":"29","author":"Dahal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Qual. Rep."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.46743\/2160-3715\/2022.5572","article-title":"Understanding and encountering the ethics of self and others in autoethnography: challenging the extant and exploring possibilities","volume":"27","author":"Dahal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Qual. Rep."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512747","DOI":"10.3389\/frma.2024.1512747","article-title":"Participant selection procedures in qualitative research: experiences and some points for consideration","volume":"9","author":"Dahal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Res. Metr. Anal."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20201379","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2020-1379","article-title":"Methodological path to reach the degree of saturation in qualitative research: grounded theory","volume":"75","author":"de Moura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Enferm."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.17169\/fqs-12.1.1589","article-title":"Autoethnography: an overview","volume":"12","author":"Ellis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forum Qual. Sozialforsch."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.46743\/2160-3715\/2015.2281","article-title":"Are we there yet? Data saturation in qualitative research","volume":"20","author":"Fusch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual. Rep."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"416","article-title":"Data analysis in qualitative research: thematic analysis","volume":"35","author":"Galanis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Hell. Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203793206","volume-title":"Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research","author":"Glaser","year":"2017"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/10944281231215119","article-title":"Resisting the objectification of qualitative research: the unsilencing of context, researchers, and noninterview data","volume":"28","author":"Hansen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732316665344","article-title":"Code saturation versus meaning saturation: how many interviews are enough?","volume":"27","author":"Hennink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1191\/030913200100189102","article-title":"For ethnography","volume":"24","author":"Herbert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog. Hum. Geogr."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2022.2160415","article-title":"Making autoethnography: crafting intimate, social and material relations","volume":"27","author":"Holdsworth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","article-title":"Three approaches to qualitative content analysis","volume":"15","author":"Hsieh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.52.2.187","article-title":"Practicing participatory action research","volume":"52","author":"Kidd","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203933671","volume-title":"Participatory Action Research Approaches and Methods: Connecting People, Participation and Place","author":"Kindon","year":"2007"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.17169\/fqs-7.1.75","article-title":"The use of qualitative content analysis in case study research","volume":"7","author":"Kohlbacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forum Qual. Sozialforsch."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14413582241264619","article-title":"What is qualitative research? An overview and guidelines","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Australas. Mark. J."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-1767(85)90062-8","volume-title":"Naturalistic Inquiry","author":"Lincoln","year":"1985"},{"key":"B49","volume-title":"The Constructivist Credo","author":"Lincoln","year":"2013"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.51474\/jrtp.v2i1.530","article-title":"Autoethnography: writing lives and telling stories","volume":"2","author":"Luitel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transform. Prax."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-6684-3881-7.ch031","article-title":"\u201cThematic analysis in qualitative research,\u201d","volume-title":"Research Anthology on Innovative Research Methodologies and Utilization Across Multiple Disciplines","author":"Majumdar","year":"2022"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05627-6","article-title":"Qualitative research: standards, challenges, and guidelines","volume":"358","author":"Malterud","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B53","first-page":"456","article-title":"\u201cQualitative case studies,\u201d","volume-title":"International Encyclopedia of Education","author":"Merriam","year":"2009"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429424533","volume-title":"Using Narrative Inquiry as a Research Method","author":"Mertova","year":"2019"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609406920955118","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406920955118","article-title":"Iterative thematic inquiry: a new method for analyzing qualitative data","volume":"19","author":"Morgan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16094069231205789","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069231205789","article-title":"A step-by-step process of thematic analysis to develop a conceptual model in qualitative research","volume":"22","author":"Naeem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16094069241229777","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069241229777","article-title":"Demystification and actualisation of data saturation in qualitative research through thematic analysis","volume":"23","author":"Naeem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/1362168815572747","article-title":"Qualitative and descriptive research: data type versus data analysis","volume":"19","author":"Nassaji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lang. Teach. Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/S40037-019-0509-2","article-title":"How phenomenology can help us learn from the experiences of others","volume":"8","author":"Neubauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perspect. Med. Educ."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2015-102054","article-title":"Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research","volume":"18","author":"Nobel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Nurs."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609406917733847","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406917733847","article-title":"Thematic analysis: striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria","volume":"16","author":"Nowell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"264","article-title":"\u201cAn illustration of deductive analysis in qualitative research,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Research Methods in Business and Management Studies","author":"Pearse","year":"2019"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.7748\/nr2011.04.18.3.20.c8459","article-title":"Interpretative phenomenological analysis: a discussion and critique","volume":"18","author":"Pringle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nurse Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnsa.2024.100174","article-title":"Saturation in qualitative research: an evolutionary concept analysis","volume":"6","author":"Rahimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud. Adv."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4103\/IJCN.IJCN_1_19","article-title":"Data analysis in qualitative research","volume":"20","author":"Ravindran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Contin. Nurs. Educ."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003456216-6","article-title":"\u201cPhenomenology,\u201d","volume-title":"Qualitative Research Methodologies for Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy","author":"Reed","year":"2023"},{"key":"B67","volume-title":"Narrative Analysis: Qualitative Research Methods Series","author":"Riessman","year":"1993"},{"key":"B68","volume-title":"The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers","author":"Salda\u00f1a","year":"2013"},{"key":"B69","volume-title":"The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers","author":"Salda\u00f1a","year":"2016"},{"key":"B70","author":"Salda\u00f1a","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8","article-title":"Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization","volume":"52","author":"Saunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1838706","DOI":"10.1080\/23311886.2020.1838706","article-title":"Saturation controversy in qualitative research: complexities and underlying assumptions. A literature review","volume":"6","author":"Sebele-Mpofu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogent Soc. Sci."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2010.510659","article-title":"Evaluating the contribution of interpretative phenomenological analysis","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B74","first-page":"229","article-title":"\u201cInterpretative phenomenological analysis,\u201d","volume-title":"Doing Social Psychology Research","author":"Smith","year":"2008"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2021.1966822","article-title":"Meta-ethnography","volume":"15","author":"Soundy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/2321-0656.140875","article-title":"The second step in data analysis: coding qualitative research data","volume":"3","author":"Stuckey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Soc. Health Diabetes"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483384443.n12","article-title":"\u201cQualitative data, analysis, and design,\u201d","volume-title":"Introduction to Educational Research: A Critical Thinking Approach","author":"Suter","year":"2012"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1136\/ebn.3.3.68","article-title":"Data analysis in qualitative research","volume":"3","author":"Thorne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Evid. Based Nurs."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609406920967174","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406920967174","article-title":"Planning qualitative research: design and decision making for new researchers","volume":"19","author":"Tomaszewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4172\/2472-1654.100093","article-title":"A critical overview of interpretative phenomenological analysis: a contemporary qualitative research approach","volume":"2","author":"Tuffour","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Commun."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.26418\/jeep.v2i1.43003","article-title":"An analysis of teacher's strategies in teaching English","volume":"2","author":"Wardah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Engl. Educ. Program"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5430\/wje.v13n6p35","article-title":"Narrative inquiry: a research method in the education field","volume":"13","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Educ."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2022.00511","article-title":"Concepts and evaluation of saturation in qualitative research","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Psychol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frma.2025.1669578\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T05:28:52Z","timestamp":1759210132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frma.2025.1669578\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frma.2025.1669578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frma.2025.1669578","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-0537"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2504-0537","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"article-number":"1669578"}}