{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T23:52:02Z","timestamp":1781308322700,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiomes"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Allicin is a wide spectrum prebiotic for human health, but whether it can attenuate blood in diabetes patients is rarely reported. In this study, we built a rat model and investigated the effect of allicin on diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM). We found that allicin could effectively reduce blood glucose levels, regulate intestinal microbiota, reduce lipid and body weight accumulation, and systemic inflammation in T2DM rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rat model of type 2 diabetes was made by streptozotocin, and different doses of allicin were given orally by gavage. The intestinal contents of diabetes rats were sequenced and analyzed by 16S technology, and the clinical indicators of rats were detected for joint analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Allicin can improve the intestinal flora of type 2 diabetes rats, enrich beneficial metabolites, reduce blood glucose, improve blood lipids, reduce systemic inflammation, and improve type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intestinal microbiome analysis showed that allicin gavage significantly regulated the structure and main components of the intestinal microbiota in T2DM rats. Allicin increased the abundance of probiotic microbes, such as <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic>, while it reduced pathogenic microbes, such as Enterobacter, Erysipelatoclostridium and Colidextribacter. Allicin gavage increased the abundance of intestinal short-chain fatty acids, such as acetic acid and propionic acid. Correlation analysis showed that the increased gut microbes by allicin gavage were significantly associated with health physiological parameters but negatively related to serum inflammatory factors such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). In addition, our study also suggests that allicin may have prebiotic effects on chronic liver injury. This study shows that allicin can regulate various clinical symptoms of T2DM and is a potential therapeutic drug for T2DM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frmbi.2023.1102694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T05:24:20Z","timestamp":1682400260000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Allicin modulates the intestinal microbiota to attenuate blood glucose and systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetic rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"LinZehao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghe","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiandang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/s1286-4579(99)80003-3","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic","volume":"1","author":"Ankri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24420","article-title":"Obesity and gut-microbiota-brain axis: a narrative review","volume":"36","author":"Asadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2016.04.004","article-title":"Impact of gut microbiota on diabetes mellitus","volume":"42","author":"Blandino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12591","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules190812591","article-title":"Allicin: chemistry and biological properties","volume":"19","author":"Borlinghaus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-011-0333-6","article-title":"Gut microbiota and diabetes: from pathogenesis to therapeutic perspective","volume":"48","author":"Burcelin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2006.00295.x","article-title":"Synthesis and anti-diabetic activity of (RS)-2-ethoxy-3-{4-[2-(4-trifluoro-methanesulfonyloxy-phenyl)-ethoxy]-phenyl}-propionic acid","volume":"27","author":"Cai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0156-z","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites in obesity, NAFLD and T2DM","volume":"15","author":"Canfora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3283619e63","article-title":"Carbohydrates and the human gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Chassard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app8081249","article-title":"Effects of lactobacillus on mice with diabetes induced by high-fat diet with streptozotocin (STZ)","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2011\/519371","article-title":"Berberine improves glucose homeostasis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats in association with multiple factors of insulin resistance","volume":"2011","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISRN Endocrinol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-020-00786-5","article-title":"Review: antimicrobial properties of allicin used alone or in combination with other medications","volume":"65","author":"Choo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol. (Praha)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.10.014","article-title":"Metformin-associated lactic acidosis: current perspectives on causes and risk","volume":"65","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c2181","article-title":"Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin b-12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial","volume":"340","author":"de Jager","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030872","article-title":"Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of garlic (Allium sativum l.): a review","volume":"12","author":"El-Saber Batiha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2015-0267","article-title":"Attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits by allicin","volume":"94","author":"El-Sheakh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.03.007","article-title":"Diabetes, obesity and gut microbiota","volume":"27","author":"Everard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.0c00719","article-title":"S-bridged thioether and structure-diversified angucyclinone derivatives from the south China sea-derived Micromonospora echinospora SCSIO 04089","volume":"83","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321747","article-title":"Gut microbiome stability and resilience: elucidating the response to perturbations in order to modulate gut health","volume":"70","author":"Fassarella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2017.1318060","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota, energy balance, and malnutrition: emphasis on the role of short-chain fatty acids","volume":"12","author":"Fluitman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2014.09.007","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Forouhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. (Abingdon)"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5.47.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471141755.ph0547s70","article-title":"Streptozotocin-induced diabetic models in mice and rats","volume":"70","author":"Furman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20602","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota distinguish gout patients from healthy humans","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.11.051","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology","volume":"51","author":"Gurung","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399815666190206162143","article-title":"The gut microbiome, lactobacillus acidophilus; relation with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Halawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-021-00702-9","article-title":"The human symbiont mucispirillum schaedleri: causality in health and disease","volume":"210","author":"Herp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-013-1911-4","article-title":"Increased circulatory levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and zonulin signify novel biomarkers of proinflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"388","author":"Jayashree","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2017.57","article-title":"Microbiota or short-chain fatty acids: which regulates diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00838","article-title":"Complete genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis of helicobacter apodemus isolated from the wild Korean striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) for potential pathogenicity","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4274\/Jcrpe.1181","article-title":"Isovaleric acidemia presenting as diabetic ketoacidosis: a case report","volume":"6","author":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009085","article-title":"Gut microbiota in human adults with type 2 diabetes differs from non-diabetic adults","volume":"5","author":"Larsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070812","article-title":"Allicin bioavailability and bioequivalence from garlic supplements and garlic foods","volume":"10","author":"Lawson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Allium sativum: facts and myths regarding human health","volume":"65","author":"Majewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309990","article-title":"The gut microbiota and host health: a new clinical frontier","volume":"65","author":"Marchesi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117513","article-title":"Allicin pharmacology: common molecular mechanisms against neuroinflammation and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"249","author":"Mar\u00f3n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2004.03.054","article-title":"[3H]Allicin: preparation and applications","volume":"331","author":"Miron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010087","article-title":"Allicin, an antioxidant and neuroprotective agent, ameliorates cognitive impairment","volume":"11","author":"Nadeem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199306103282306","article-title":"Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus","volume":"328","author":"Nathan","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47176\/mjiri.36.39","article-title":"The effect of berberine on lipid profile, liver enzymes, and fasting blood glucose in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Nejati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. J. Islam Repub Iran."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323617","article-title":"Microbiota engraftment after faecal microbiota transplantation in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, double-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"71","author":"Ng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.03.024","article-title":"IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040","volume":"128","author":"Ogurtsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B41","first-page":"115","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and diabetes","volume":"101","author":"Ojetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01066","article-title":"Berberine influences blood glucose via modulating the gut microbiome in grass carp","volume":"10","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/905749","article-title":"Application of berberine on treating type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2015","author":"Pang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3088","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b07555","article-title":"Allicin modifies the composition and function of the gut microbiota in alcoholic hepatic steatosis mice","volume":"68","author":"Panyod","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201017666151029110505","article-title":"Investigation of chitosan for prevention of diabetic progression through gut microbiota alteration in sugar rich diet induced diabetic rats","volume":"17","author":"Prajapati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2018_2648","article-title":"Immunomodulatory potential of gut microbiome-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)","volume":"66","author":"Ratajczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: results from the international diabetes federation diabetes atlas, 9th edition","volume":"157","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22470","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of allicin against acetaminophen-induced liver injury: role of inflammasome pathway, apoptosis, and liver regeneration","volume":"34","author":"Samra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.650256","article-title":"Allicin and digestive system cancers: from chemical structure to its therapeutic opportunities","volume":"11","author":"Sarvizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122909","article-title":"Allicin improves metabolism in high-fat diet-induced obese mice by modulating the gut microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091360","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila is negatively correlated with hemoglobin A1c in refractory diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Shih","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.4149\/gpb_2014038","article-title":"Protective effect of allicin against glycidamide-induced toxicity in male and female mice","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen. Physiol. Biophys."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066618793385","article-title":"Review of biguanide (Metformin) toxicity","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320105","article-title":"A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurised bacterium blunts colitis associated tumourigenesis by modulation of CD8+ T cells in mice","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B55","volume-title":"Global report on diabetes 2016","year":"2016"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.04.001","article-title":"Dietary allicin reduces transformation of l-carnitine to TMAO through impact on gut microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17046","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2017.46","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota: a potential target for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S171","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1045966","article-title":"Biological function of acetic acid-improvement in obesity and glucose tolerance by acetic acid in type 2 diabetic rats","author":"Yamashita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5804","DOI":"10.1039\/c9fo01062a","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus alleviates type 2 diabetes by regulating hepatic glucose, lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in mice","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2020_515","article-title":"Dietary SCFAs immunotherapy: reshaping the gut microbiota in diabetes","volume":"1307","author":"Yap","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/fty028","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila can reduce the damage of gluco\/lipotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation, and normalize intestine microbiota in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"76","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109131","article-title":"Effects of berberine and metformin on intestinal inflammation and gut microbiome composition in db\/db mice","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4446","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4446","article-title":"Inulin-type fructan improves diabetic phenotype and gut microbiota profiles in rats","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.903259","article-title":"Allicin in digestive system cancer: from biological effects to clinical treatment","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiomes"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frmbi.2023.1102694\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T05:24:24Z","timestamp":1682400264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frmbi.2023.1102694\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frmbi.2023.1102694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frmbi.2023.1102694","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-4338"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-4338","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"article-number":"1102694"}}