{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:36:24Z","timestamp":1792020984484,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiomes"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) may affect the human microbiome via increased concentrations of uremic toxins such as urea and creatinine. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have profiled the oral microbiota in patients with CKD before and one week after kidney transplantation. Living kidney donors were also longitudinally tracked over a similar period, allowing direct comparison between a group undergoing transplant surgery alone (donors) (n=13) and a group additionally undergoing the introduction of immunosuppressive agents and the resolution of CKD (recipients) (n=45). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transplantation was associated with a similar pattern of decreasing alpha diversity in the oral microbiome in recipients and donors via Kruskal-Wallis testing, within one week of transplantation. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) associated with <jats:italic>Haemophilus parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Aggregatibacteria segnis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Peptostreptococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Actinobacillu<\/jats:italic>s were significantly decreased in recipients within a week of transplantation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A reduction in ASVs in these genera could influence the risk of bacterial endocarditis, a rare but high-mortality kidney transplantation complication. A range of factors may drive the observed changes in oral microbiome including both factors associated with surgery itself and the decreases in salivary urea, administration of macrolide antibiotic immunosuppressants, and disruption to immune function that characterise kidney transplant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frmbi.2023.1258290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T10:26:53Z","timestamp":1699007213000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Transplantation impacts on the oral microbiome of kidney recipients and donors"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Willmott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin J.","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"Piscoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houda","family":"Chea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela M.","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne E.","family":"Konkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Titus","family":"Augustine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"McBain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1442-9993.2001.01070.PP.X","article-title":"A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance","volume":"26","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Austral Ecol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-015-0081-x","article-title":"End stage renal disease as a modifier of the periodontal microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(88)96227-5","article-title":"Haemophilus segnis endocarditis","volume":"16","author":"Bangsborg","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04035-y","article-title":"Epidemiology, bacteriology, and clinical characteristics of HACEK bacteremia and endocarditis: a population-based retrospective study","volume":"40","author":"Berge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B5","article-title":"qiime2R: Importing QIIME2 artifacts and associated data into R sessions","volume":"13","author":"Bisanz","year":"2018"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.3433","article-title":"Evaluating a change in surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"10","author":"Bliven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0470-z","article-title":"Optimizing taxonomic classification of marker-gene amplicon sequences with QIIME 2\u2019s q2-feature-classifier plugin","volume":"6","author":"Bokulich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.2307\/1942268","article-title":"An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin","volume":"27","author":"Bray","year":"1957","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.558644","article-title":"Does the microbiome affect the outcome of renal transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","article-title":"Peptostreptococcus species: an unusual cause of infective endocarditis","volume":"74","author":"Capunitan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Connecticut Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.039693-0","article-title":"Granulicatella infection: diagnosis and management","volume":"61","author":"Cargill","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.54.6.1318-1324.1988","article-title":"Role of the arginine deiminase system in protecting oral bacteria and an enzymatic basis for acid tolerance","volume":"54","author":"Casiano-Col\u00f3n","year":"1988","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063181","article-title":"HACEK infective endocarditis: characteristics and outcomes from a large, multi-national cohort","volume":"8","author":"Chambers","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.2.585-592.1996","article-title":"Streptococcus salivarius urease: genetic and biochemical characterization and expression in a dental plaque streptococcus","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"286","article-title":"Oral health status, oral microflora, and non-surgical periodontal treatment of renal transplant patients receiving cyclosporin A and FK506","volume":"15","author":"Chu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. R. Australas. Coll. Dental surgeons"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01790215","article-title":"Risk stratification for rejection and infection after kidney transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Cipp\u00e0","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-50-1-365","article-title":"The genus Abiotrophia (Kawamura et\u00a0al.) is not monophyletic: proposal of Granulicatella gen. nov., Granulicatella adiacens comb. nov., Granulicatella elegans comb. nov. and Granulicatella balaenopterae comb. nov","volume":"50","author":"Collins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Sys. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2054358118799692","DOI":"10.1177\/2054358118799692","article-title":"Incidence rate of post-kidney transplant infection: a retrospective cohort study examining infection rates at a large Canadian multicenter tertiary-care facility","volume":"5","author":"Cowan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Kidney Health Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E214","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31824de388","article-title":"Oral lesions in renal transplant","volume":"23","author":"Da Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5069","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03006-05","article-title":"Greengenes, a chimera-checked 16S rRNA gene database and workbench compatible with ARB","volume":"72","author":"DeSantis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.6.2002-2013.1992","article-title":"Phylogeny of 54 representative strains of species in the family Pasteurellaceae as determined by comparison of 16S rRNA sequences","volume":"174","author":"Dewhirst","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. bacteriol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00734-12","article-title":"Transplantation-associated long-term immunosuppression promotes oral colonization by potentially opportunistic pathogens without impacting other members of the salivary bacteriome","volume":"20","author":"Diaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00136.x","article-title":"Infective endocarditis in dialysis patients: new challenges and old","volume":"64","author":"Doulton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3207(92)91201-3","article-title":"Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity","volume":"61","author":"Faith","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067019","article-title":"ANOVA-like differential expression (ALDEx) analysis for mixed population RNA-Seq","volume":"8","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-15","article-title":"Unifying the analysis of high-throughput sequencing datasets: characterizing RNA-seq, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and selective growth experiments by compositional data analysis","volume":"2","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/191728a0","article-title":"Spontaneous development of L forms of streptococci requiring secretions of other bacteria or sulphydryl compounds for normal growth","volume":"191","author":"Frenkel","year":"1961","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12588","article-title":"Human microbiota characterization in the course of renal transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Fricke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"1","article-title":"ALDEx2: ANOVA-Like Differential Expression tool for compositional data","volume":"20","author":"Gloor","year":"2015","journal-title":"ALDEX manual modular"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513487559","article-title":"Mobile microbiome: oral bacteria in extra-oral infections and inflammation","volume":"92","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dental Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2020.1861512","article-title":"Endocarditis in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Ioannou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1912.tb05611.x","article-title":"The distribution of the flora in the alpine zone. 1","volume":"11","author":"Jaccard","year":"1912","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009836","article-title":"Short-term antibiotic treatment has differing long-term impacts on the human throat and gut microbiome","volume":"5","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04410512","article-title":"Common infections in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"7","author":"Karuthu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf436","article-title":"MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"9","article-title":"A taxonomic study of the genus Haemophilus, with the proposal of a new species","volume":"93","author":"Kilian","year":"1976","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10410","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10410","article-title":"Intestinal microbiome is related to lifetime antibiotic use in Finnish pre-school children","volume":"7","author":"Korpela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.10.1186\/s12882","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-016-0222-x","article-title":"Salivary creatinine and urea analysis in patients with chronic kidney disease: a case control study","volume":"17","author":"Lasisi","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-523","article-title":"Study of inter-and intra-individual variations in the salivary microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Lazarevic","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.20471\/acc.2016.55.03.15","article-title":"ORAL LESIONS IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS","volume":"55","author":"Levarda-Hudolin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Clinica Croatica"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01996-06","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative \u03b2 diversity measures lead to different insights into factors that structure microbial communities","volume":"73","author":"Lozupone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8228","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005","article-title":"UniFrac: a new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities","volume":"71","author":"Lozupone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27663","DOI":"10.3402\/mehd.v26.27663","article-title":"Analysis of composition of microbiomes: a novel method for studying microbial composition","volume":"26","author":"Mandal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbial. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2011.139","article-title":"An improved Greengenes taxonomy with explicit ranks for ecological and evolutionary analyses of bacteria and archaea","volume":"6","author":"McDonald","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217","article-title":"phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data","volume":"8","author":"McMurdie","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.2.504-512.1999","article-title":"Genetic and physiologic characterization of urease of Actinomyces naeslundii","volume":"67","author":"Morou-Bermudez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/numonthly.12326","article-title":"Infective endocarditis after renal transplantation","volume":"6","author":"Moshkani Farahani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrourol. Mon"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2006.04.004","article-title":"Infectious complications in chronic kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Naqvi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2008.00477.x","article-title":"Correlations of oral bacterial arginine and urea catabolism with caries experience","volume":"24","author":"Nascimento","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28034-z","article-title":"Microbiome differential abundance methods produce different results across 38 datasets","volume":"13","author":"Nearing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00103-13","article-title":"Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter species with host specificity for humans","volume":"27","author":"N\u00f8rskov-Lauritsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64207-0","article-title":"Reclassification of actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Haemophilus aphrophilus, Haemophilus paraphrophilus and Haemophilus segnis as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans gen. nov., comb. nov., Aggregatibacter aphrophilus comb. nov. and Aggregatibacter segnis comb. nov., and emended description of Aggregatibacter aphrophilus to include V factor-dependent and V factor-independent isolates","volume":"56","author":"Norskov-Lauritsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"B55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Package \u2018vegan\u2019","volume":"2","author":"Oksanen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Community Ecol. package ver."},{"key":"B56","article-title":"Family Pasteurellaceae Pohl 1981, 382 VP (Effective publication: Pohl 1979, 81)","volume-title":"Bergey\u2019s manual of systematic bacteriology","author":"Olsen","year":"2005"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2014.06.007","article-title":"One-shot versus multidose perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis after kidney transplantation: a randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"157","author":"Orlando","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00794.x","article-title":"Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis","volume":"10","author":"Paturel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B59","volume-title":"Ecological diversity","author":"Pielou","year":"1975"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009490","article-title":"FastTree 2\u2013approximately maximum-likelihood trees for large alignments","volume":"5","author":"Price","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03241-8","article-title":"Multi-kingdom ecological drivers of microbiota assembly in preterm infants","volume":"591","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(92)90316-I","article-title":"Lip carcinoma in renal allograft recipient with long-term immunosuppressive therapy","volume":"73","author":"Regev","year":"1992","journal-title":"Oral. surg. Oral. med. Oral. Pathol."},{"key":"B63","volume-title":"RStudio: Integrated Development for R","year":"2020"},{"key":"B64","first-page":"232","article-title":"Oral lesions in kidney transplant patients","volume":"4","author":"Sahebjamee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iranian J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2005.08.004","article-title":"Evaluation of subgingival bacterial plaque changes and effects on periodontal tissues in patients with renal transplants under immunosuppressive therapy","volume":"101","author":"Saraiva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oral. Surg. Oral. Med. Oral. Pathol. Oral. Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036010","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/aa7c24","article-title":"The tongue microbiome in healthy subjects and patients with intra-oral halitosis","volume":"11","author":"Seerangaiyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. breath Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A mathematical theory of communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell system Tech. J."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.02.011","article-title":"The microbiome in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis","volume":"130","author":"Sim\u00f5es-Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00703.x","article-title":"Haemophilus segnis: a rare cause of endocarditis","volume":"9","author":"Somers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01200.x","article-title":"Oral health in renal transplant recipients administered cyclosporin A or tacrolimus","volume":"12","author":"Spolidorio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oral. Dis."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107627","article-title":"Inflammation is a major regulator of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters: Consequences for the personalization of drug treatment","volume":"215","author":"Stanke-Labesque","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.23.2842","article-title":"Risk factors for infective endocarditis: oral hygiene and nondental exposures","volume":"102","author":"Strom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10081023","article-title":"High mortality and graft loss after infective endocarditis in kidney transplant recipients: A case-controlled study from two centers","volume":"10","author":"Tamzali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-4356(93)90197-5","article-title":"Systemic immunosuppression and oral Malignancy: a report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Thomas","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0237-y","article-title":"Normalization and microbial differential abundance strategies depend upon data characteristics","volume":"5","author":"Weiss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2307\/1943563","article-title":"Vegetation of the Siskiyou mountains, Oregon and California","volume":"30","author":"Whittaker","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2307\/1218190","article-title":"Evolution and measurement of species diversity","volume":"21","author":"Whittaker","year":"1972","journal-title":"Taxon"},{"key":"B78","volume-title":"ggplot2-Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the tidyverse","volume":"4","author":"Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Open Source softw."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(89)90045-9","article-title":"Arginolytic and ureolytic activities of pure cultures of human oral bacteria and their effects on the pH response of salivary sediment and dental plaque in vitro","volume":"34","author":"Wijeyeweera","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Oral. Biol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2005.11.002","article-title":"Characterization of the Actinomyces naeslundii ureolysis and its role in bacterial aciduricity and capacity to modulate pH homeostasis","volume":"161","author":"Yaling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1054\/ijom.2002.0416","article-title":"Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible in a renal transplant recipient","volume":"32","author":"Yoon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiomes"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frmbi.2023.1258290\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T10:27:00Z","timestamp":1699007220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frmbi.2023.1258290\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frmbi.2023.1258290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frmbi.2023.1258290","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-4338"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-4338","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"article-number":"1258290"}}