{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T12:23:40Z","timestamp":1782390220976,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiomes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kidney transplantation is considered to be the best treatment for end-stage renal disease. To reduce the incidence of rejection and improve the survival of recipients and kidney grafts, kidney transplant recipients must take immunosuppressive agents, and some patients require them for the rest of their lifetime. These treatment regimens can result in susceptibility to opportunistic infections and disrupt the intestinal microbiota, thereby leading to diarrhea, which causes water and electrolyte metabolism disorder, nutrient malabsorption, and instability in the blood concentrations of the immunosuppressive agents. Fluctuating blood concentration levels of these agents necessitate frequent laboratory monitoring and dose adjustments to avoid poor adherence and increase the risk of graft rejection. Furthermore, severe diarrhea can cause kidney transplant failure or death. <jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic> infection (CDI) is the leading cause of diarrhea after renal transplantation. Traditional antibiotics can kill <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>; however, spores can remain in the gut. Disruption of the intestinal flora caused by antibiotherapy increases the risk of developing recurrent CDI (rCDI). Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been proven to be a safe and effective treatment for CDI and is recommended for rCDI owing to its convenient material acquisition method, high efficacy, and low incidence of adverse reactions. This review summarizes the recent progress in FMT for CDI-associated diarrhea after renal transplantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frmbi.2024.1409967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T09:57:31Z","timestamp":1721123851000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Recent advances in fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile infection-associated diarrhea after kidney transplantation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Yurong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoyao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.14423\/SMJ.0000000000001118","article-title":"Early colectomy saves lives in toxicmegacolon due to clostridium difficile infection","volume":"113","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"South Med. J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13616","article-title":"Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection associates with distinct bile acid and microbiome profiles","volume":"43","author":"Allegretti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000335","article-title":"Diarrhea after kidney transplantation: a new look at a frequent symptom","volume":"98","author":"Aulagnon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1086\/521863","article-title":"Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection","author":"Bartlett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv498","article-title":"Impact on toxin production and cell morphology in Clostridium difficile by ridinilazole (SMT19969), a novel treatment for C. difficile infection","volume":"71","author":"Basseres","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.098","article-title":"Safety, immunogenicity and dose response of VLA84, a new vaccine candidate againstclostridium difficile, in healthy volunteers","volume":"34","author":"Bezay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2011.244","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation and emerging applications","volume":"9","author":"Borody","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.03.1329","article-title":"An overview of fecal microbiota transplantation: techniques, indications, and outcomes","volume":"78","author":"Brandt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.01.059","article-title":"Role of the intestinal microbiota in resistance to colonization by clostridium difficile","volume":"146","author":"Britton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn421213-20201030-01402","article-title":"Efficacy of fecal bacteria transplantation in treating diarrhea associated with Clostridium difficile infection after kidney transplantation","volume":"38","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exper Surg."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12630","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202012_24159","article-title":"Infodemiology of solid organ transplantation:relationship to the Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation data","volume":"24","author":"Cappadona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2019.1582640","article-title":"Ridinilazole for the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"28","author":"Carlson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. investigational Drugs"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020386","article-title":"Characteristics and dysbiosis of the gut microbiome in renal transplant recipients","volume":"9","author":"Casper Swarte","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-021-00213-8","article-title":"Daily full spectrum light exposure prevents food allergy-like allergic diarrhea by modulating vitamin D3 and microbiota composition","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06305-11","article-title":"Comparative in vitro activities of LFF571 against clostridium difficile and 630 other intestinal strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria","volume":"56","author":"Citron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.20471\/acc.2020.59.01.16","article-title":"The beginnings of kidney transplantation in South- East Europe","volume":"59","author":"Davor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Croat"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30331-5","article-title":"Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a Clostridioides difficile toxoid vaccine candidate: a phase 3 multicentre, observer-blind, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"de Bruyn","year":"2020","journal-title":"ScienceDirect"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.815422","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as an adjunctive therapy for depression-case report","volume":"13","author":"Doll","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12097","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infections in solid organ transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Dubberke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-016-0140-z","article-title":"Areview of experimental and Off-Label therapies for clostridium difficile infection","volume":"6","author":"Feher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01382","article-title":"Application of antibody-mediated therapy for treatment and prevention of clostridium difficile Infection","volume":"9","author":"Forster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12577","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for refractory Clostridium difficile colitis in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"14","author":"Friedman-Moraco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.792697","article-title":"Impact of 30\u00b0 Reserve trendelenburg position on lung function in morbidly obese patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Surg."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30614-5","article-title":"Cadazolid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: results of two double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority, randomised phase 3 trials","volume":"19","author":"Gerding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101365","article-title":"Fidaxomicin for the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection in adult patients: An update on results from randomized controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Giacobbe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640618780762","article-title":"Efficacy of different faecal microbiota transplantation protocols for clostridium difficile infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Gianluca","year":"2018","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916826","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/916826","article-title":"clostridium difficile infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, and therapeutic options","author":"Goudarzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2018.03.013","article-title":"Exploration of fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of refractory diarrhea after renal transplantation","volume":"50","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032545","article-title":"Standard colonic lavage alters the natural state of mucosal-associated microbiota in the human colon","volume":"7","author":"Harrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.89","article-title":"latrogenicgastric acid suppression and the risk of nosocomial Clostridium difficile infrction","volume":"41","author":"Howell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu313","article-title":"Vancomycin, metronidazole, or tolevamer for Clostridium difficile infection: results from two multinational, randomized, controlled trials","volume":"59","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001278","article-title":"ACG clinical guidelines: Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections","volume":"116","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.133","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplant for treatment of clostridium difficile infection in immunocompromised patients","volume":"109","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.05.008","article-title":"Update on fecal microbiota transplantation 2015: indications, methodologies, mechanisms, and outlook","volume":"149","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001243","article-title":"Comparing fecal microbiota transplantation to standard-of-care treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.03.033","article-title":"My Treatment approach to clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"96","author":"Khanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proc."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2019.04.010","article-title":"Current and future trends in Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection management","volume":"58","author":"Khanna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181c87e02","article-title":"Changes in the composition of the human fecal microbiome after bacteriotherapy for recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea","volume":"44","author":"Khoruts","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.98","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms of faecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Khoruts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0350-4","article-title":"Faecal microbiota transplantation for clostridioides difficile: mechanisms and pharmacology","volume":"18","author":"Khoruts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.813428","article-title":"A neutralizing antibody that blocks delivery of the enzymatic cargo of clostridium difficile toxin TcdB into host cells","volume":"293","author":"Kroh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2017.303","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of competing treatment strategies for Clostridium difficile infection: A systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Le","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infection Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colegn.2014.08.002","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation: A \u2018How-To\u2019 guide for nurses","volume":"22","author":"Leis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Collegian"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00692","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation and bacterial consortium transplantation have comparable effects on the re-establishment of mucosal barrier function in mice with intestinal dysbiosis","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013871","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Modern Interventional Diagnosis Treat Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.13461\/j.cnki.cja.007386","article-title":"Advance in antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and fitness cost of Clostridioides difficile","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Antibiotics"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2017.1344551","article-title":"Bezlotoxumab: anti-toxin B monoclonal antibody to prevent recurrence of clostridium difficile infection","volume":"11","author":"Llafuerte-Galvez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01831-13","article-title":"Investigations of the mode of action and resistance development of cadazolid, a new antibiotic for treatment of Clostridium difficile infections","volume":"58","author":"Locher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01830-13","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antibacterial evaluation of cadazolid, a new antibiotic for treatment of Clostridium difficile infections","volume":"58","author":"Locher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B50","first-page":"43","article-title":"Nursing care of fecal bacteria transplantation in patients with recurrent diarrhea after kidney transplantation","volume":"33","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.19939\/j.cnki.1672-2809.2022.16.16","article-title":"Advances in clinical antimicrobial therapy of clostridium difficile infection","volume":"19","author":"Lyn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Eval."},{"key":"B52","first-page":"48","article-title":"Analysis of the pathogenic characteristics of clostridium difficile in recipients of deceased donor kidney transplantation ma","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Urol. Clinicians(Electronic Version)"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2012.09.005","article-title":"Immune responses to Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"18","author":"Madan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1085","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA) and society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA)","volume":"66","author":"McDonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.7748\/ns.23.19.49.s51","article-title":"Caring for patients after kidney transplantation","volume":"23","author":"McPake","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nurs. Stand"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.53738\/REVMED.2022.18.799.1896","article-title":"Clostridioides difficile infection: Various therapeutic approaches","volume":"18","author":"Meuwly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Suisse"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04251-14","article-title":"Multicenter, randomized clinical trial to compare the safety and efficacy of LFF571 and vancomycin for clostridium difficile infections","volume":"59","author":"Mullane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01774-15","article-title":"Bacteriophage combinations significantly reduce clostridium difficile growth in vitro and proliferation in vivo","volume":"60","author":"Nale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrobial. Agents chemother."},{"key":"B59","first-page":"50","article-title":"Nursing of early diarrhea after renal transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Ni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nurs. J. Chin. PLA"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz153","article-title":"A phase 2 study evaluating the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of two 3-dose regimens of a clostridium difficile vaccine in healthy US adults aged 65 to 85 years","volume":"70","author":"Nicholas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B61","unstructured":"Quality and safety program(EB\/OL)\n          \n          \n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"184","article-title":"Clinical effects of deceased vs living donor on kidney transplantation","volume":"38","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pract. Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-1-3","article-title":"Stool substitute transplant therapy for the eradication of Clostridium difficile infection: RePOO Pulating the gut","volume":"1","author":"Petrof","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2018.1452908","article-title":"Actoxumab+Bezlotoxumab combination: what promise for clostridium difficile treatment","volume":"18","author":"Posteraro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-018-0634-9","article-title":"Correction to: scaling safe access to fecal microbiota transplantation: past, present, and future","volume":"20","author":"Pratik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5172","DOI":"10.13344\/j.microbiol.china.230250","article-title":"Research progress on potential and mechanism of intestinal virome in treating diseases","volume":"50","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. China"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2013.02.003","article-title":"In vitro activity of cadazolid against Clostridium difficile strains isolated from primary and recurrent infections in Stockholm, Sweden","volume":"20","author":"Rashid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201747295","article-title":"Adaptive immune response to Clostridium difficile infection: A perspective for prevention and therapy","volume":"48","author":"Rees","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.037","article-title":"How to: prophylactic interventions for prevention of clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"27","author":"Reigadas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4757","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i19.4757","article-title":"Chinese physicians\u2019 perceptions of fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-018-0186-1","article-title":"The epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in Japan: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Riley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.02.052","article-title":"Status of vaccine research and development for Clostridium difficile","volume":"37","author":"Riley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00877-1","article-title":"Tacrolimus for the treatment of fistulas in patients withcrohn\u2019s disease: a randomized, placebo- controlled trial","volume":"125","author":"Sandborn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B74","first-page":"1921","volume-title":"Compendium of Materia Medica","author":"Shizhen","year":"2011"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2174\/156720107782151287","article-title":"Gastroretentive drug delivery system of metoclopramide hydrochloride: formulation and in vitro evaluation","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Delivery"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/2049936112472173","article-title":"The host immune response to Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"1","author":"Solomon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-020-01022-1","article-title":"Diarrhea in kidney transplant recipients: Etiology and outcome","volume":"39","author":"Sonambekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4983","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00610-10","article-title":"Inhibiting the initiation of Clostridium difficile spore germination using analogs of chenodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid","volume":"192","author":"Sorg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu605","article-title":"Hyper immune bovine colostrum as a novel therapy to combat clostridium difficile infection","volume":"211","author":"Sponseller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.4","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections","volume":"108","author":"Surawicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3114","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4114","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced shifts in the mouse gut microbiome and metabolome increase susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"5","author":"Theriot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.04.045","article-title":"A novel fusion protein containing the receptor binding domains of C. difficile toxin A and toxin B elicits protective immunity against lethal toxin and spore challenge in preclinical efficacy models","volume":"30","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-42108-2_6","article-title":"Probiotics for prevention and treatment of clostridium difficile infection","volume":"1050","author":"Valdes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B84","article-title":"SMT19969-a novel antibiotic for C. difficile: clostridium difficile growth inhibition, spectrum of activity and resistance development","author":"Vickers","year":"2011"},{"key":"B85","first-page":"833","article-title":"Research progress in Clostridium difficile infection and gastrointestinal microecology","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Zoonoses"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2018.08.011","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation: review and update","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Formos Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B87","first-page":"390","article-title":"Clinical operation and application of fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronic J. Metab. Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03423.x","article-title":"Duodenal villous atrophy: a cause of chronic diarrhea after solid- organ transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Weclawlak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G310","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00282.2013","article-title":"Microbiota transplantation restores normal fecal bile acid composition in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"306","author":"Weingarden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147210","article-title":"Changes in colonic bile acid composition following fecal microbiota transplantation are sufficient to control clostridium difficile germination and growth","volume":"11","author":"Weingarden","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0070-0","article-title":"Dynamic changes in short- and long-term bacterial composition following fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"3","author":"Weingarden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602615","article-title":"Bezlotoxumab for prevention of recurrent clostridium difficile infection","volume":"376","author":"Wilcox","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B93","first-page":"42","article-title":"Cause analysis and nursing care of postoperative diarrhea in recipients of cardiac death organ donation kidney transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Nurse Specialist"},{"key":"B94","first-page":"961","article-title":"Prevalence rate of Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients with diarrhea in China:a meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nosocomiol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000198","article-title":"Efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B96","first-page":"2820","article-title":"Nursing care of a case of chronic severe non\u2014infectious diarrhea after renal transplantation with fecal bacteria transplantation","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ftw078","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftw078","article-title":"Intravenous adenovirus expressing a multi-specific, single-domain antibody neutralizing TcdA and TcdB protects mice from clostridium difficile infection","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.13309\/j.cnki.pmi.2022.02.013","article-title":"Progress on prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-020-00153-4","article-title":"Bacteriotherapy for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"41","author":"Yoshimatsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammation Regen."},{"key":"B100","first-page":"37","article-title":"Efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/934594","article-title":"Fidaxomicin: A novel agent for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"26","author":"Zhanel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.11.004","article-title":"Donor screening for fecal microbiota transplantation in China: evaluation of 8483 candidates","volume":"162","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11041055","article-title":"Donor screening revisions of fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B104","first-page":"81","article-title":"Clinical application and nursing research progress of fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurs. J. Chin. PLA"},{"key":"B105","first-page":"71","article-title":"Correlation analysis of job burnout and job stress in nurses with low seniority","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"China J. Pract. Nursing"},{"key":"B106","first-page":"613","article-title":"Clinical and nursing practice of fecal microbiota transplantation in treating diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.13381\/j.cnki.cjm.202011026","article-title":"Current status and future of fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"32","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Microecol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.13381\/j.cnki.cjm.202001025","article-title":"Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantion: research progress","volume":"32","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Microecol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiomes"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frmbi.2024.1409967\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T09:57:52Z","timestamp":1721123872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frmbi.2024.1409967\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frmbi.2024.1409967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frmbi.2024.1409967","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-4338"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-4338","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"article-number":"1409967"}}